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History French Revolution > 1794-1799 > Flashcards

1794-1799 Flashcards

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1
Q

Thermidorean Reaction

A

Label for the anti-Jacobin measures introduced by the National Convention following the Coup of Thermidor; this included abolishing the Revolutionary Tribunal, curbing the powers of the committees, and prosecuting leading figures associated with the Terror such as Fouquier-Tinville and Carrier (both executed).

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2
Q

‘Dry guillotine’

A

Exile to French Guiana; a sentence passed on Collot d’Herbois and Billaud-Varennes for crimes committed during the Terror.

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3
Q

Separation of Church and State

A

Introduced by the National Convention following the abolition of Robespierre’s Cult of the Supreme Being. The first time that a European state had ever declared itself officially neutral on matters of religion.

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4
Q

White Terror

A

The campaign of reprisals against Jacobins for their role in the Terror of 1793-94.

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5
Q

Fréron

A

Former Terrorist in Toulon and Marseilles. Editor of the Orateur du Peuple, which publicly attacked Jacobins and ex-Terrorists following the Coup of Thermidor.

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6
Q

Jeunesse Dorée

A

The ‘Gilded Youth’ or ‘Muscadins’ who carried out reprisals against Jacobins during the White Terror. Usually middle-class youths noted for their long hair and ostentatious dress (high collars and fine clothes). They organised public demonstrations and even violence against suspected Jacobins in Paris.

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7
Q

Estimated number of victims of the ‘White Terror’ (1794-1796)

A

2,000

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8
Q

Faction in the National Convention that assumed power following the Coup of Thermidor.

A

The Plain

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9
Q

The amount of value the assignat had lost by May 1795, in comparison to its face value in 1789.

A

96%

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10
Q

Abolished by the Thermidoreans in December 1794, causing spiralling prices

A

Price controls

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11
Q

Exceptionally poor winter, reducing the availability of food and fuel and therefore pushing up prices

A

Winter of 1794-95

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12
Q

Average cost of a bag of firewood in 1795

A

500 livres

up from 20 livres in 1790

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13
Q

Criminal gangs that operated in northern France robbing travellers.

A

Chauffeurs

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14
Q

Risings of Germinal and Prairal

A

Popular protests in Paris in April-May 1795 against the economic hardship in the city (20% of the population reliant on food relief). The Convention deployed 20,000 troops to crush the rising of Prairal, and 6,000 arrests were made. The sans-culottes were shown to lack cohesion and leadership, and they did not challenge the Directory again.

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15
Q

Constitution of the Year III (1795)

A

Constitution of the Directory, featuring a bi-cameral legislation, and a five-man executive. The constitution relied on the separation of powers and annual elections to prevent a return to dictatorship/arbitrary government, but these provisions fundamentally weakened the Directory, contributing to its overthrown in 1799.

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16
Q

The Council of the Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients

A

The two chambers of the legislature: Council of the Five Hundred (men over 30) nominated the list of candidates for the Directory. Council of Ancients (250 men over 40) selected the Directors from the list. One-third of the deputies were replaced in annual elections. Ancients had the right to veto legislation proposed by the Five Hundred

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17
Q

Property qualification

A

There was no property qualification for deputies, but voting rights were limited to men over 21 who paid direct taxes on property. Electors had to pay a much higher rate of taxation.

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18
Q

Directory

A

The executive, established on 2 November 1795. One Director was chosen by lot for replacement each year. In charge of law enforcement and foreign affairs, but not able to propose legislation, veto new laws, control finances or declare war or peace.

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19
Q

Paul Barras

A

The only Director to serve throughout the period of the Directory. Played a leading role in the Coup of Fructidor, but stepped aside at the Coup of Brumaire.

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20
Q

Lazare Carnot

A

Leading Director who was ousted during the Coup of Fructidor for his perceived royalist sympathies.

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21
Q

Law of Two-Thirds

A

Provision that required two-thirds of the Councils elected in 1795 to be drawn from the outgoing Thermidorean Convention. Unpopular with royalists and Jacobins, ensuring that Directory faced much hostility from the outset.

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22
Q

Ramel-Nogaret

A

Directory’s Finance minister, who introduced indirect taxes on luxuries, as well as a poll tax, and a tax on windows and doors, to try and boost state finances.

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23
Q

Gabelle

A

Indirect on salt before 1789. Ramel-Nogaret proposed its re-introduction, but Council of Ancients vetoed it.

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24
Q

Amount of annual expenditure saved by the state’s declaration of bankruptcy in September 1797.

A

160 million livres

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25
Q

Rentiers

A

The state’s creditors, who lost out when the state issued bonds to cancel two-thirds of state debts.

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26
Q

Inflation

A

Ongoing crisis caused by shortages of food and lack of confidence in the government.

27
Q

Mandate

A

New currency issued in 1796. It was valued against the assignat and so rapidly depreciated in value.

28
Q

Metal currency

A

Only valid currency from 1797. Shortage of supply meant that France partially returned to a ‘natural economy’.

29
Q

Martial law

A

Use of soldiers and military courts to enforce the law in areas of France characterised by significant resistance to conscription and other government reforms. By 1799, over 200 communes were run by military authorities.

30
Q

The Vendémiaire Rising

A

Rising in Paris of motivated by royalist anger at the ‘Law of Two-Thirds’, as well as widespread economic distress. 25,000 Parisians took part, but lacked leadership and discipline.

31
Q

‘Whiff of grapeshot’

A

Bonaparte’s description of how he dispersed the Vendémiaire Rising. In fact, 600 troops and 800 rebels died.

32
Q

The conspiracy of equals

A

Plot by Babeuf to establish a communist-style government. Three battalions of the Parisian police mutinied in support of Babeuf in March 1796, but they were quickly suppressed; Babeuf was captured and executed.

33
Q

The Coup of Fructidor

A

Response to the Directory to the royalist success in the 1797 elections. Carnot was arrested along with 53 royalist deputies in the Councils.

34
Q

Commander sent to support the Coup of Fructidor

A

General Augereau

35
Q

Total number of deputies purged from the Councils following the cancellation of election results in 1797.

A

177

36
Q

Directorial ‘terror’

A

Reprisals following the Coup of Fructidor. Émigrés were given two weeks to leave France or face execution. 10,000 priests sentenced to the ‘dry guillotine’, although only a tiny fraction of the sentences were carried out. Many parish churches sold off or destroyed.

37
Q

The Verona Declaration

A

Following the death of Louis XVI’s son in June 1795, the Comte de Provence declared himself Louis XVIII, promising to restore the ancien régime.

38
Q

The Chouannerie

A

Rebellion in Brittany in response to the savage repression of 1793-94.

39
Q

Quiberon Bay

A

Failed attempt to land British troops and émigrés in support of the Chouannerie.

40
Q

General Lazare Hoche

A

Military commander who prevented the landing at Quiberon Baty and crushed the Chouannerie.

41
Q

Size of Hoche’s army in Brittany.

A

140,000

42
Q

Comte d’Artois

A

Younger brother of Louis XVI and Louis XVIII. Tried and failed to organise a royalist takeover of the Isle of Yeu.

43
Q

Battle of Fleurus

A

Turning point in the War of the First Coalition – France expelled invaders and extended her ‘natural frontiers’ (1794)

44
Q

Treaty of Campo-Formio

A

(1797)
Following Austria’s defeat, Bonaparte imposed this treaty, which saw France take control of almost all of Italy, without consulting the Directory.

45
Q

Irish nationalists

A

Supported by the French in the late 1790s in their campaign to overthrow British rule in Ireland. However, the rebellion under Wolfe Tone was eventually suppressed.

46
Q

Sister republics

A

Satellite republics created by the French army in Italy, Switzerland and the Netherlands.

47
Q

Indemnities paid by occupied states to the French army. Only a quarter of these revenues were sent back to Paris.

A

200 million livres

48
Q

Coup of Floréal

A

Annulling of the elections of 127 deputies, following significant Jacobin gains in the elections of 1798.

49
Q

War of the Second Coalition

A

Anti-French coalition uniting Britain, Russia, and Austria in 1798. Inflicted a series of defeats on France, who were expelled from Switzerland and almost the whole of Italy in early 1799. Real threat of invasion.

50
Q

Desertion

A

A widespread problem in the French army, for example 3000 French soldiers deserted following defeat of Spanish in the Pyrenees. By 1798, the total fighting strength of army was just 270,000, prompting new conscription levies.

51
Q

Jourdan’s Law

A

Re-introduction of conscription for the first time since 1793. War-weary French people found new demands for men hard to accept given that the military successes of the previous five years.

52
Q

Number of troops who actually joined up with the armies in 1798, despite a levy of 230,000 men.

A

74,000

53
Q

Number of government candidates (out of a total of 187) elected to the Councils in 1798.

A

66

54
Q

Law of Hostages

A

Law of 12 July 1799 giving local authorities the power to arrest nobles, rebels or the relatives of émigrés and confiscate their property. Largely ignored by local officials

55
Q

Forced loan

A

Introduced by the Directory to raise 100 million livres for the war effort in 1799, following loss of conquered lands. Many wealthy Frenchmen faced the prospect of paying up to three-quarters of their income, although in reality only 10 million livres was actually collected. Many royalists in local government simply ignored it.

56
Q

Vosges

A

The first department to pay its war taxes in 1799; the Place Royale in Paris was renamed the Place des Vosges.

57
Q

Mont-Terrible

A

Department that conscripted just 19% of the required levy of conscripts in 1798-99.

58
Q

Brigandage

A

Widespread problem in France as resistance to conscription spread. Bands of armed rebels killed local army commissioners and funded their activities through armed robbery. Some royalists refused to round up deserters, and the National Guard was not equal to the task of re-imposing order.

59
Q

Sieyès

A

Elected as a Director in 1799. Faced with the virtual collapse of the Directory, Sieyès plotted a military coup in order to prevent a return to radicalism or royalism.

60
Q

Egypt

A

Site of conflict between Britain and France in 1798-99. Napoleon abandoned his troops in October 1799 to lead… (Coup of Brumaire)

61
Q

The Coup of Brumaire

A

Military coup to overthrow the Directory in December 1799. Replaced the Directory with a three-man Consulate.

62
Q

Ducos

A

The other Director who supported the Coup of Brunaire. Ducos, Bonaparte and Sieyès became Consuls.

63
Q

Lucien Bonaparte

A

Napoleon’s brother and the saviour of the coup. As president of the Five Hundred, he ordered troops to intervene, claiming that Jacobin deputies had tried to assassinate Napoleon. 6

64
Q

First Consul

A

Napoleon’s title under the new regime – he established himself as Emperor in 1804.

History French Revolution (20 decks)

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