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French revolution > 1774-1789 > Flashcards

1774-1789 Flashcards

1
Q

percentage that the 3rd estate made up of the whole population

A

in 1787, 98%

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2
Q

how many généralité

A

36

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3
Q

percentage of land that the Church owned

A

10%

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4
Q

how much land did the 2nd estate own (altogether)

A

1/4

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5
Q

Paris Parlemement

A

registered royal edicts issued by the king before it became law; Louis could override it using lit de justice

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6
Q

privileges of 2nd estate

A
  • tried in their own courts
  • exempt from military service
  • exempt from gable and corvée
  • received feudal dues
  • monopoly rights to operate mills, ovens and win presses; the 3rd estate must pay to use
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7
Q

percentage that peasants make up of the whole population

A

67%

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8
Q

sharecroppers

A

50% of peasants are sharecroppers
they warned on landlords’ land and have to give half of their crops to the landlords as rent

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9
Q

landless labourers

A

1/4 of peasants

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10
Q

serfs

A

1 million

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

rumours abou Marie Antoinette

A

“I’Autrichinne”
attacked in the 1780s by le lever d’aurore as having illicit sex and lavish lifestyle

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13
Q

how many children did Louis have

A

1 daughter after 8 years of marriage, ad 1 son in 1781

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14
Q

bad harvest

A

1789, food prices increased

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15
Q

American war of independence

A

spent 1066 million livres livers

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16
Q

population increase

A

22.4 million in 1705
27.9 million in 1790

17
Q

expenditure and revenue in 1780

A

610 million livres expenditure
585 million livres

18
Q

eden treaty

A

1786
opened free trade with Britain
=> import cheaper textiles -> French textile manufactures must compete with cheaper textiles => destroyed the French textile industry

19
Q

turgot

A

1774-1776
want to create wealth and increase revenue
reduce privileges, abolish price controls, reduce restrictions on trade, promote enterprise, uniform land tax , remove forced labour
“no bankruptcy, no increase in taxes, no borrowing”
ending price control on corn prices -> prices going up due to poor harvest -> bread rioting
removing privileges -> nobility unhappy -> downfall in 1776

20
Q

necker

A

1776-1781
focused on the nature of royal finances
opposed free trade policies, reduce venal offices, increase confidence in the royal finances so that they could borrow more money without paying heavy credits
published the Compte Rendu 1781 -> established his reputation as trustworthy (but the accounts were misleading)
borrowed over 500 million livres
discovered after he was
wanted to be party of the inner circle of the minister -> Louis disapprove -> resign 1781
1783: total debt over 100 million livres
recalled in 1788 because public liked him

21
Q

calonne

A

1783-1787
undid a lot of Necker’s work, established a sinking fund, reissued gold coinage to prevent counterfeiting, encouraged lavish spending in court
1786: proposed uniform land tax -> Louis disapprove -> assembly of notables called (feb 1787) -> they disapproved -> he lost support

22
Q

brienne

A

1787-1788
also proposed a uniform land tax
forced to resign when the government failed to borrow enough money to maintain daily spending due to their credit crisis

23
Q

events leading up to the calling of e-g

A

1787
May: Assembly of Notables and parlements instead the E-G must be called
6 August: edicts were registered in lit de justice, parliaments declared the edicts were void, Louis exiled members of the Paris Parlement to Troyes
September: Paris Parlement return because Louis promised to withdraw the edicts, parliament agreed to register further loans as long as E-G is called; Louis agreed to call the E-G in 1792
November: Louis tried to force the parlement into registering a 5 year series of loans, members of the Paris Parlement exiled again
November - May 1788: parlements published protests, e.g Bordeaux Parlement refused to register laws or cooperate with government

1788
4 May: aristocratic revolt- Paris Parlement published a statement describing all parlements to be defenders of liberty and the constitution (i.e. defending civil rights such as freedom for censorship, irremovability of magistrates and the right of the Estates General to authorise taxation.
8 May: May edicts using lit de justice, parlements suspended and replaced with 47 new courts
7 June: day of tiles at Grenoble
25 aug: necker reappointed

24
Q

estates general

A

5 may 1789
- more priests than bishop
- more conservatives than liberals
- all educated bourgeoisie

25
Q

3rd estate cahier

A
  • Economic problems: poverty, high food prices
  • Poor political representation
  • Privileges of the 1st & 2nd Estate: fair legal system, fair taxation (e.g. reduction of gabelle, no taxes without the agreement of the Estates General)
  • Careers open to talent (e.g. high-ranking Church positions given to educated people rather than children of the nobility)
26
Q

2nd estate cahier

A

The liberals wanted form to some extent but not too radical.
* Some tax reform: consensus needed from the E-G
* Checks and balances of the King open to the public
* Equality before the law
The Conservatives were more neglected towards change.
* Preserve the privileges
* Taxation system to not change
* Supportive of the monarchy but could also have a regular meeting E-G

27
Q

1st estate cahier

A

Priests: regular pay and careers open to talents so they could get higher positions.
Bishops wanted to hold onto their privileges and have control over education.

28
Q

setting up the National Assembly 1789

A

10 June: 3rd Estate declared they would verify the deputies’ credentials even if the other two estates rejected
some clergy later joined the 3rd estate
17 June: voted to call themselves the National Assembly
19 June: all clergy voted to join the assembly
=> out of government’s control

29
Q

tennis court oath

A

20 June
they would not disperse until France had a constitution
Only 1 person voted against this, showing the deputies were becoming increasingly radical.

30
Q

Séance royale

A

23 June
attended by all estates
Louis. declared the previous actions of the 3rd Estate void and he would not allow the privileges of the nobility and clergy to be discussed in common

some reforms offered:
* No taxes imposed without the consent of the representatives of the nation
* Abolishment of lettres de cachet
* Introduce freedom of the press
* Abolishment of internal customs barriers, gabelle and corvée
=> 3rd estate want more

27 June: allowed the nobles and clergy to join the 3rd Estate and vote by head

late June: 4000 troops stationed around Paris

31
Q

events in Paris in 1789

A

28 April 1789: riots at réveillon wallpaper factory due to fear that their wages would be reduced

spring 1789: Duc d’Orléans opened a series of arcades, cafes, pleasure gardens to the public. It become a centre for rumour, debate and giving out pamphlets

21 June: 10,000 people gathered in the Palais royal when they heard necker would be dismissed again

9 July: National Assembly renamed to National Constituent Assembly

14 July 1789: storming of the Bastille

32
Q

storming of Bastille

A

250,000 sans-culottes obtained over 28,000 muskets, 20 cannon from Les Invalides
by 14 July, 5 of the 6 battalions deserted

killed 98 people during the process

10 July: citizen’s militia
15 July: commune

33
Q

great fear

A

20 July
peasants arming themselves to defend against feudal power

destroyed bread ovens, dovecots and winepresses because they were charged to use them
in Dauphiné, 9 chateux were burnt

continued until 6 aug

34
Q

august decrees

A

met on 4 aug

published on 11 aug

  • Abolitions of serfdom (feudal rights on people), tithes, hunting rights, corveés, seigneurial courts, venal offices, provincial and municipal offices
  • All citizens to be taxed equally
  • Jobs based on talent (the Church, state, army)
35
Q

declaration of the rights of man and citizen

A

published 26 aug

  • Men are born and continue to be free
  • Rights of men include liberty, prosperity, security and the resistance of oppression
  • The national is the source of sovereignty
  • Man remains innocent until convicted
  • Man should not be discriminated due to his opinions
  • Men have freedom of speech
  • Fair system of taxation according to their ability to pay
36
Q

establish free trade in grain and control prices

A

29 aug

37
Q

power given to Louis by the National Assembly

A

suspensory veto of 4 years on all laws except finance

National Assembly have legislative power; king have executive power

38
Q

nationalisation of the church

A

It is sold to
* Provide money for the State before a new and fairer tax system could be introduced
* Guarantee the success of the revolution because those who bought Church lands would not want the Church to recover its lands, thus they would be interested in maintaining the revolutionary changes and prevent the restoration of the ancient regime
* Clergy would have to support the new regime, as now the government pays the clergy
- opportunity to allow religious liberty to Protestants , which further undermined the dominant position of the Catholic Church being the state church.

By September, the government faced a financial crisis as it didn’t have enough tax revenue and unable to raise a loan

2 nov 1789: property owned by the Church officially nationalised, estimated to be 2000 million livres

19 dec: first assigns issued

39
Q

October days

A

4 October: Flanders regiment arrive in versailles, Louis has not accepted all decrees
5 October: 7,000 women marched to versailles demanded he accept the decrees and declaration and bread. The National Guard announced they would not shoot them.
6 October: crowd broke into the palace, killed 2 guards. family was escorted back to Paris by the National Assembly

French revolution (2 decks)

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