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Biology 101- Unit 4 > 17.4 Translation > Flashcards

17.4 Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetic information flows from mRNA to protein through the process of what?

A

Translation

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2
Q

A cell translates an mRNA message into protein with the help of what?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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3
Q

tRNA transfer amino acids to the growing polypeptide in a what?

A

Ribosome

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4
Q

Are molecules of tRNA identical?

A

NO

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5
Q

Each carries a specific amino acid on one end

A

tRNA

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6
Q

Each has an anticodon on the other end; the anticodon base-pairs with a complementary codon or mRNA

A

tRNA

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7
Q

Consists of a single RNA strand

A

tRNA

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8
Q

How long is a single strand RNA?

A

80 nucleotides long

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9
Q

Flattened into one plane to reveal its base pairing; shaped like a cloverleaf

A

tRNA

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10
Q

What causes tRNA to twists and fold into a 3-dimensional molecule?

A

The Hydrogen Bonds

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11
Q

Roughly L-shaped

A

tRNA

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12
Q

Step 1: correct match between tRNA & an amino acid done by ______

A

Accurate translation step; aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

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13
Q

Step 2: correct match between the tRNA anticodon an an mRNA codon

A

Accurate translation step

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14
Q

Flexible pairing at the end of a codon is called _____; also allows some tRNA’s to bind to more than one codon.

A

wobble

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15
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is an enzyme whose function is to ______.

A

Link a tRNA to its amino acid.

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16
Q

Facilitates specific coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons in _______

A

Ribosomes; protein synthesis

17
Q

What are the 2 ribosomal subunits made of

A

proteins & ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

18
Q

Bacterial & Eukaryotic ribosomes are somewhat similar but have significant differences

A

Difference: Some antibiotic drugs specifically target bacterial ribosomes without harming eukaryotic ribosomes

19
Q

How many binding sites are there for tRNA?

A

3

20
Q

Holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain

A

The P Site

21
Q

Holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain

A

The A Site

22
Q

The exit site, where discharged tRNA’s leave the ribosome

A

The E Site

23
Q

How many stages of translation are there?

A

3 - Initiation, Elongation, Termination

24
Q

What do all three stages require that aid in the translation process?

A

Protein “factors” & also energy for some steps

25
Q

Brings together mRNA, a tRNA with the first amino acid and the 2 ribosomal subunits

A

Initiation

26
Q
  1. small ribosomal subunit binds with mRNA and a special initiator tRNA
  2. small subunit moves along the mRNA until it reaches the start codon
  3. Proteins called initiation factors bring in the large subunit that completes the translation initiation complex
A

Steps of Initiation

27
Q

During what phase are amino acids added one by one to the C-terminus of the growing chain

A

Elongation

28
Q

Each addition involves proteins called ____________

A

Elongation Factors

29
Q

Codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation

A

3 Steps of Elongation

30
Q

What steps does energy expenditure occur in

A

first and third steps

31
Q

Proceeds along the mRNA in a 5’ ——> 3’ direction

A

Translation

32
Q

Often translation is not sufficient enough to make a functional protein

A

Polypeptide chains are modified after translation or targeted to specific sites in the cell

33
Q

There are two populations of ribosomes evident in cells

A

Free ribosomes (located in cytoplasm) & bound ribosomes (attaches to the ER)

34
Q

Synthesize proteins that function in the cytosol

A

Free ribosomes

35
Q

Make proteins of the endomembrane system and proteins that are secreted from the cell

A

Bound Ribosomes

36
Q

Are identical and can switch from free to bound

A

Ribosomes

37
Q

During the synthesis of a _______ ________ begins to coil and fold spontaneously to form a ______ with a specific shape——-a 3-dimensional molecule with ______ & ______ structure.

A

polypeptide chain, protein, secondary, tetiary

38
Q

A ________ determines ________ structure and primary in turn determines shape.

A

Gene, primary

39
Q

May be required before the protein can begin doing its particular job in the cell-

A

Post-translational modifications

Biology 101- Unit 4 (3 decks)

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