17) Respiration Flashcards
What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis
link reaction
kreb cycle
oxidative phosphorylation
Where does the first stage vs the 3 other stages takes place
S1 - Cytoplasm
S2/3/4 - Takes place in mitochondria
Give a summary on what happens in stage 1 ( Glycolysis)
Makes pyruvate from glucose
1 cycle creates 2 pyruvate molecules
Does not require oxygen
(anaerobic process)
What happens in stage 1 of glycolysis (phosphorylation)
Glucose phosphorylated from adding 2 pi from 2 ATP
Create hexose bisphosphateand 2 ADP
Split into 2 moleculess of triose phosphate.
What happens in stage 2 of glycolysis ( oxidation )
triose phosphate loses a hydrogen , Forms 2 pyruvate molecules
2 Nad collects hydrogen and forms 2 Reduced NAD
Cause net gain of 2 ATP
What happens to the molecules of glycolysis
Reduced NAD go to last stage of oxidative phosphorylation
2 pyruvate actively transported into MATRIX mitochondrion for link reaction
What happens in stage 2 (link reaction )
Converts pyruvate into Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate decarboxylated - forms carbon dioxide
Nad is reduced to NADH - collects hydrogen and form acetate
link reactions - occurs twice for every glucose molecule
glucose = 2 pyruvate , 2 kreb cycles
2 AcetylCoA
2 Co2
2 Reduced NAD
what is stage 3 of aerobic respiration
Kreb cycle produced reduced coenzymes and ATP
what is stage 1 of Kreb cycle
Acetyl group from Acetyl CoA combine with oxaloacetate to form citrate
Coenzyme A returns to link reactions to be used again
What is stage 2 of Kreb Cycle
6c citrate molecule converted to 5C molecule
Decarboxylation , Co2 removed
dehydrogynation , H is removed
H + NAD = reduced NAD
What is stage 3 of Kreb Cycle
5C into 4C molecules.
Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation occur
= reduced FAD + reduced NAD
ATP produced by direct transfer of phosphatefrom compund to ADP
Citrate nowconverted into oxaloacetate
what are the products of kreb cycle and number
1 coezyme A
Oxaloacetate
2 Co2
1 ATP
3 Reduced NAD
1 reduced FAD
what is stage 4 od aerobic respiration
oxidative phosphorylation
produce lots of ATP
what happens in oxidative phosphorylation
energy carried by electrons from reduced coenzymes is used to make ATP
Takes place in inner mitochondrial membranes
How does oxidative phosphorylation work
hydrogen released from Reduced Nad and Reduced FAD = oxidises into NAD and FAD .
H splits into electrons and protons
Electrons move along electron transport chain and loses energy at each carrier.
Energy carries protons into mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space.
Conc of proteins is higher in IMS form an electrochemical gradient,
Protons move down ECG by ATP synthase
Chemiosmosis happens
How much ATP is made from each Reduced NAF and how much ATP is made for each FAD
2.5 ATP per NADH
1.5 ATP per FADH
how much atp is made in each stage of respiration ?
Show working out
GLycolysis:
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH x 2.5 = 5
7 ATP
Link Reaction :
- 2 NADH x 2.5 = 5
5 ATP
Kreb Cycle :
- 2 ATP
- 6 NADH x 2.5 = 15
- 2 FADH x 2.5 = 3
20 ATP
Total = 32
What are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration?
Alcoholic fermentation
Lactate fermentation
What is the main difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration
No oxygen
No link reaction ,kreb cycle, oxidative phosphorylation.
Where does lactate fermentation occur
mammals and produces lactate
What happens in lactate fermentation
Reduced NAG transfer H to pyruvate to form lactate and NAD
NAD reused in glycolysis
Why can glycolisis continue even when there isn’t much oxygen
prouduction of lactate regenerates NAD which is used in glycolysis
too much lactate is toxic , how is it removed from the blood
liver takes up lactate and converts into glucose by gluconeogenesis
where does alcoholic fermentation occur
yeast cells and produce ethanol
ethanol regenerates NAD
why is ATP yield lower in aerobic respiration
only include 1 energy releasing stage (glycolysis) , only produces 2 ATP
energy releasing reactionn (kreb cycle and oxidative phosphorylation)need oxygen
Order respiratory substrates from highest to lowest energy value
lipids
proteins
carbs
Why does lipids have the greatest energy value
ATP is made in oxidative phosphorylation
require H atoms froms
reduced (NAD and FAD )
. substrates that contain more H per mass cause more ATP
WHat does the respiratory quotient tell you
tells you what kind of resp substrate organism is respiring and type of respiration
