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Biology M5 > 17) Respiration > Flashcards

17) Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
link reaction
kreb cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

Where does the first stage vs the 3 other stages takes place

A

S1 - Cytoplasm
S2/3/4 - Takes place in mitochondria

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3
Q

Give a summary on what happens in stage 1 ( Glycolysis)

A

Makes pyruvate from glucose
1 cycle creates 2 pyruvate molecules
Does not require oxygen
(anaerobic process)

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4
Q

What happens in stage 1 of glycolysis (phosphorylation)

A

Glucose phosphorylated from adding 2 pi from 2 ATP
Create hexose bisphosphateand 2 ADP
Split into 2 moleculess of triose phosphate.

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5
Q

What happens in stage 2 of glycolysis ( oxidation )

A

triose phosphate loses a hydrogen , Forms 2 pyruvate molecules
2 Nad collects hydrogen and forms 2 Reduced NAD
Cause net gain of 2 ATP

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6
Q

What happens to the molecules of glycolysis

A

Reduced NAD go to last stage of oxidative phosphorylation

2 pyruvate actively transported into MATRIX mitochondrion for link reaction

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7
Q

What happens in stage 2 (link reaction )

A

Converts pyruvate into Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate decarboxylated - forms carbon dioxide
Nad is reduced to NADH - collects hydrogen and form acetate

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8
Q

link reactions - occurs twice for every glucose molecule

A

glucose = 2 pyruvate , 2 kreb cycles
2 AcetylCoA
2 Co2
2 Reduced NAD

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9
Q

what is stage 3 of aerobic respiration

A

Kreb cycle produced reduced coenzymes and ATP

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10
Q

what is stage 1 of Kreb cycle

A

Acetyl group from Acetyl CoA combine with oxaloacetate to form citrate
Coenzyme A returns to link reactions to be used again

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11
Q

What is stage 2 of Kreb Cycle

A

6c citrate molecule converted to 5C molecule
Decarboxylation , Co2 removed
dehydrogynation , H is removed
H + NAD = reduced NAD

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12
Q

What is stage 3 of Kreb Cycle

A

5C into 4C molecules.
Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation occur
= reduced FAD + reduced NAD

ATP produced by direct transfer of phosphatefrom compund to ADP

Citrate nowconverted into oxaloacetate

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13
Q

what are the products of kreb cycle and number

A

1 coezyme A
Oxaloacetate
2 Co2
1 ATP
3 Reduced NAD
1 reduced FAD

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14
Q

what is stage 4 od aerobic respiration

A

oxidative phosphorylation

produce lots of ATP

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15
Q

what happens in oxidative phosphorylation

A

energy carried by electrons from reduced coenzymes is used to make ATP
Takes place in inner mitochondrial membranes

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16
Q

How does oxidative phosphorylation work

A

hydrogen released from Reduced Nad and Reduced FAD = oxidises into NAD and FAD .
H splits into electrons and protons

Electrons move along electron transport chain and loses energy at each carrier.

Energy carries protons into mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space.

Conc of proteins is higher in IMS form an electrochemical gradient,

Protons move down ECG by ATP synthase

Chemiosmosis happens

17
Q

How much ATP is made from each Reduced NAF and how much ATP is made for each FAD

A

2.5 ATP per NADH
1.5 ATP per FADH

18
Q

how much atp is made in each stage of respiration ?
Show working out

A

GLycolysis:
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH x 2.5 = 5
7 ATP

Link Reaction :
- 2 NADH x 2.5 = 5
5 ATP

Kreb Cycle :
- 2 ATP
- 6 NADH x 2.5 = 15
- 2 FADH x 2.5 = 3
20 ATP

Total = 32

19
Q

What are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration?

A

Alcoholic fermentation
Lactate fermentation

20
Q

What is the main difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration

A

No oxygen
No link reaction ,kreb cycle, oxidative phosphorylation.

21
Q

Where does lactate fermentation occur

A

mammals and produces lactate

22
Q

What happens in lactate fermentation

A

Reduced NAG transfer H to pyruvate to form lactate and NAD
NAD reused in glycolysis

23
Q

Why can glycolisis continue even when there isn’t much oxygen

A

prouduction of lactate regenerates NAD which is used in glycolysis

24
Q

too much lactate is toxic , how is it removed from the blood

A

liver takes up lactate and converts into glucose by gluconeogenesis

25
Q

where does alcoholic fermentation occur

A

yeast cells and produce ethanol

ethanol regenerates NAD

26
Q

why is ATP yield lower in aerobic respiration

A

only include 1 energy releasing stage (glycolysis) , only produces 2 ATP

energy releasing reactionn (kreb cycle and oxidative phosphorylation)need oxygen

27
Q

Order respiratory substrates from highest to lowest energy value

A

lipids
proteins
carbs

28
Q

Why does lipids have the greatest energy value

A

ATP is made in oxidative phosphorylation
require H atoms froms
reduced (NAD and FAD )
. substrates that contain more H per mass cause more ATP

29
Q

WHat does the respiratory quotient tell you

A

tells you what kind of resp substrate organism is respiring and type of respiration

Biology M5 (6 decks)

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