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Biology M5 > 16) Animal Responses > Flashcards

16) Animal Responses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the 2 main structural systems

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

How is the peripheral nervous system structured

A

Peripheral nervous system
l
Somatic nervous system + Autonomic nervous system
l
Sympathetic + parasympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

What is the CNS / PNS

A

CNS - Brain and spinal chord
PNS - neurones that connect CNS to body

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4
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

Controls conscious activities
eg , running

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5
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

control unconscious activites
eg , digestion

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6
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system

A

Get body ready for action
‘Fight or flight @
Release noradrenaline , adrenaline

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7
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervius system

A

Calms the body down
‘ rest and digest ‘
Release acetylcholine

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8
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A
  • Found in middle part of brain
  • Montains body temperature automaticcally
  • Produces hormones that control the pituitary gland
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9
Q

What is the function of cerebrum

A

Involved in vision, hearing , learning and thinking

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10
Q

WHat is the function of pituitary gland

A

Conrolled by the hypothalamus
Releases hormones and stimulates other glands
eg , adrenal gland

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11
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

Controls breathing rate and heart rate

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12
Q

What is the function by cerebellum

A

muscle coordination , posture and coordination of balance

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13
Q

Describe the blinking reflexes

A

Detect what can damage your eye
Sensory nerve endings stimulated by touch
Along sensory neurone to relay neurone in CNS
Along motor neurone to effectors
Eyes close quickly and precent eye being damaged

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14
Q

Describe the knee-jerk reflex

A

Maintain posture and balance

Stretch receptors in quadriceps muscle being stretched .
ALong sensory neurone, motor in spinal cord,
Motor neurone carries nerve to effector
Cause it to contract moves forwards.

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15
Q

How does the nervous and hormonal system coordinate fight or flight

A

Pituitary gland release a hormone called ACTH
Cause adrenal cortex release steroidal hormones.

Sympathetic activated , trigger release adrenaline from medulla

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16
Q

what effects does the sympathetic nervous system and adrenaline have

A

Heart rate increase - blood pumped around faster

Muscles around bronchioles relax - breathing is deeper

Glycogen converted into glucose - more glucose available for muscles to respire

Muscles in arterioles and skin and gut constrict . Muscles in arterioles supply heart , lungs to dilate - blood diverted from skin to heart and organs

Erector pili contract - make hair strands on animals bigger

17
Q

How does the nervous system help to control the heart rate

A

SAN generates electrical impulses that cause the cardiac muscles to contract
Rate of SAN fires is controlled by medulla

18
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle

A

Made up of muscle fibres
Cell membrane is called the sarcolemma
Bits fold in an are called T-tubules to spread electrical impulses
Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases calcium ions
Muscle fibres has many mitochondria to provide ATP
They are multinucleate

19
Q

WHat do the myofybrils contain

A

Thick myofilaments Myosin

Thin myosin myofilaments Actin

20
Q

Describe the crossection of the myofibril

A

A -BAnds = Thick myosin fil overlap thin actin fil
I bands - Onlu thin actin filaments
Z line - end of every sacromere
M line = middle of each sacromere / myosin filament
H zone = Contain only myosin filaments

21
Q

Describe the structure of the myosin filaments

A

Have globular heads that are hinged to move back and forth

Has a binding site for actin and binding site for atp

Actin fil have binding site for myosin heads (actin-myosin binding sites)

topomyosin and toponin found between actin filaments.

22
Q

Describe the binding sites in myosin filaments in resting muscles

A

Actin-myosin binding site is blocked by tropomysosin , held in place by troponin

SO myofilaments can’t slide past eachother

23
Q

Describe how muscle contractions are triggered by a action potential

A

1) Action potential triggers influc of calcium ions
Depolarise sarcolema , spread to sarcoplasmic reticulum
Release calcium ions into ‘’
Calcium binds to troponin causing it to change shape , oulls attatches tropymosin out of binding site. Allow myosin head to bind , cause actin-myosin cross-bridge

2) ATP provides energy needed to move myosin head
Calcium ions activate ATPase , breaks down atp to provide enxyme
Pulls actin filament in a rowing action

**3) And to break cross bridge **
ATP provide energy to break crcoss bridge so myosin head detaches .
Myosin reattaches to a different binding site and cycle is repeated
Cycle will continue as long as calcium ions are bound to troponin

24
Q

What happens when excitation stops

A

Calcium ion leave from toponin and moved by active transport into sarcoplasmic reticulum
Troponin return to origina; sjape , pull attached tropomyosin , block cinding site

25
Q

How id ATP generated / made

A

Aerobic respiration
Generated by oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

Anaerobic respiration
made rapidly by glycolysis
End product is pyruvate so converted into lactate .
Quickly can build up and cause muscle fatigue

26
Q

How is ATP - Creatine phosphate ( cp ) system mafe

A

ATP made by phosphorylating ADP - adding phosphate group from creatine phosphate
CP is stored inside cells and ATP-CO system generates ATP very quickly

27
Q

What are neuromuscular junctions

A

Synapse between motor neurone and muscle cell.

28
Q

Why does acetylcholine broken down after use in muscle cells

A

May brock the release of neurotransmitter / affect the way it binds to receptors .
May prvent the action potential from being past
So muscle won’t contract
Can be fatal if muscles affect involved in breathing

29
Q

Describe skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles )

A

Controlled consciously
Many muscle fibres
Many nuclei
Cross striations
COntract very quick
Contract slowly and fatigue slowly

30
Q

Describe involuntary muscle ( smooth muscle )

A

Contracts on its own - myogenic
Walls of heart
Fibres are branched to allow nerves to spread quickly
Contract slowly
dont fatigue

31
Q

Describe cardiac muscle ( heart muscle)

A

Contracts on its own
Autono,ic nervous system
walls of heart
contract rhythmically and don’t fatigue

Biology M5 (6 decks)

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