17-Nanomaterials Flashcards
what is nanotechnology?
Manipulation of matter at the nanoscale to generate size- dependent functionalities different from atom/molecules/bulk materials.
what is nanomaterial?
Material with at least one of its dimension is between 1-100 nm
nanomaterials are expected to produce fibers ___ times stronger than steel at only ___th the weight— almost certainly the strongest fibers that will ever be made out of anything.”
100
1/6
what does nanoscale mean?
1-100 nanometre
what does The term “nanoscale properties/phenomena” means
properties which are attributable to size and their effects; these properties are distinguishable from the chemical or physical properties of individual atoms, individual molecules and bulk material;
what does “manufactured” includes ?
engineering processes and the control of matter.
what is ENM
engineered nanomaterials
what are the 3 properties of ENMs
- More molecules/atoms on the surface
- Increased Surface area
- Dominance of quantum effects
what is the size of atom/molecules
<1nm
what is the size of nanoparticle?
1-100nm
what is the size of bulk material
> 1000nm
ENMs is diversity, list of nanomaterial is increasing, ___ possibilities of nanomaterial design
infinite
what makes ENMs unique?
- -Increased % of surface exposed atoms
- -Novel functionalities
- -Sophistication
Nanomaterials behave ___ in biological system
differently
AuNPs-> DNA intercalating ->__
Cancer treatment
5 applications of nanotechnology?
clean energy clean water clean air clean land good health
ex of clean energy
− Solar cells − Fuel cells − Batteries − Bio fuels
ex of clean water
•Wastewater •Seawater
ex of clean air
CO2 capturing
ex of clean land
- Environmental remediation
* Green chemistry
what are the function of nanotechnology in plant?
enhancing plant nutrition and disease resistance
ex of nanotechnology in handling surface
Food handling surfaces coted with antimicrobial agents
ex of nanotechnology in food processing
Surfaces that withstand mechanical abrasions
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in identity
- -Chemical composition and molecular weight
- -Chemical composition, size, shape, amorphous or crystal, surface chemistry etc.
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in transformation in body
- Enzymatic
- Physiochemical environment (pH, salt concentration, biomolecules adsorption, protein corona etc.)
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in metrics
- molarity
- weight, surface area, surface reactivity
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in vascular movement
- diffusion
- Hydrodynamics of particles determined by their size and shape
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in protein binding
- Non-specific protein binding, primarily with albumin
- Dynamic interaction of nanoparticles with proteins, to form bio-corona. Determined by availability and affinity of the protein and the material chemistry.
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in circulation through body
- Systemic distribution through circulatory system.
- Trafficking
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in tissue trapping
- Mainly determined by type of charge and hydrophobicity
- Determined by colloidal properties, agglomeration, aggregation, depending on pH, ionic strength. NMs may transform
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in cellular uptake
- Diffusion or by molecular transporters
- Vesicular transport
diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in elimination
- Via liver and kidney
- Size dependent, NMs <6 nm get cleared via kidney. Degradation in hepatic
what makes nanomaterials unique w.r.t biological interactions?
identity transformation metrics vascular movement protein binding circulation tissue trapping cellular uptake elimination
Nano Fe(III) absorption in humans correlated with?
serum iron increase and direct in vitro cellular uptake, but not with gastric solubility.
Nano-Fe uptake is independent of ?
transporter .
Uptake is through ___and dissolution in the __
endocytosis
lysosome.
IHAT showed ~___%relative bioavailability to ___in humans and, in a rodent model
80
Fe(II) sulfate
IHAT did/didnot accumulate in the intestinal mucosa ,promoted a ___ microbiota.
didn’t
benefical
HAT was __ less __ than Fe(II) sulfate/ascorbate. Nano Fe(III) manifests _____ in cellular and murine models and shows efficacy at
treating ______
14-fold less toxic
minimal acute intestinal
toxicity
iron deficiency anaemia.
nanotechnology can improve?
bioavailability of nutrients
ex of Improving the bioavailability of nutrients by nanotechnology
–Iron from nanocompounds containing
iron and zinc is highly bioavailable in
rats without tissue accumulation.
–control release VD3
Cost effective methods for increasing bioavailability of ___-nutrients
micro
what are other application of nanotechnology?
- food applications of QD
- rapid detection of food borne pathogens
- imaging of gluten network in bread
what is QD?
quantum dots
adv of silica particle
good material with diverse food application. high volume production material.
Estimated daily dietary in take is 9.4 mg SAS particles/kg body weight
Addition of silica improves the___ properties of spices
milling
what other adv of silica?
Improved flowability •Exact dosing •Improved storage stability • Increased productivity • Constant quality • Cost savings
___ products containing NM
Market share for nanotechnology in food and agriculture is ___?
140
0.9 trillion
application filed of nanotechnology?
- flavor enhance, fortification
- food processing, food contact material
- antimicrobial package, gas permeability
- tracking RFID with sensor
- fertilizer, pesticide, drug delivery, infection control
Areas of nanotech applications in food production
- animal nutrition
- disease control and monitoring
- vaccine
- plant nutrition
- pesticide
- food additives
- packaging application
- food/health supplements
the most material contact in food of nano?
silicon dioxide
titanium dioxide
microcrystalline cellulose
nano-calcium
summary of application ENMs in food:ENPs/ENMs are being widely employed in the food industries
to:
(1) Prevent microbial and oxidation spoilage of packaged foods
(2) Food processing surfaces with antimicrobial properties, better heat transfer, and wear& tear properties
(3) Improve colors, consistency and flavors,
(4) Modify the texture and taste of foods,
(5) Detect allergens and microbial pathogens
(6) Increase the bioavailability of vitamins and minerals
4 steps learn nano
- intro
- indicators of potential health hazard
- pathway to sustainable nanotech
- research studies
__ inorganic particles (manufactured) ingested
10^12-14
3 pathway after injestion
- ——–elimation
- ——–absorption–>systemic circulation–>poteintal interaction–>dissolution OR no dissolution–>excretion OR retention
- ——-disolution–>elimination
enzyme in oral, stomach, SI,LI
amylase-degrade CHO
pepsinogen-de Protein
protese, lipase, amylase
NA-microbial degradation,
passive diffusion in?
oral, Stomach,SI, LI
passive,active, fatilitate diffusion in?
SI
LI
harmful of TiO2
TiO2 nanomaterials induced endothelial cell leakage
processing pathway depended toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticle ex.
colloidal vs pyrolytic
–hemolytic cleavage
fumed silica has higher/lower % hemolysis than stober silica
higher
–higher [] higher % hemolysis
which 2 has the highest % hemolysis?
as received group
and rehydrated group
__ will reduce 25,50 ug/ml % hemolysis
calcined at 600, 800oC
Silica particles are not ___
neutral
Silica particles active ____ cell
dendritic
silica particle Potential to cause increased incidence of
inflammatory bowel disease or other chronic intestinal disorders
Potential implications of nanotechnology to human and environmental health, mechanistic injury pathway
- -redox activity
- -dissolution, shedding toxic ion
- -cationic toxicity
- -lung fibrosis
- -inflammasome activation
- -photoactivation
- -embryo hatching interference
- -membrane lysis
risk= __ x__
hazard x exposure
risk identification–> ___ &___assessment–> risk characterization –> risk management
exposure
dose-response
Relevance of nanomaterials detection in food
- Health risk assessment of nanomaterial added food
- Identify the change in nanomaterials properties when they incorporated into different food matrix and transport through different biological compartments (mouth-stomach-small intestine-liver-blood etc)
- Verify claims related to the use of nanomaterials
Challenge for the Detection and Quantification of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in Food
- Challenges with identifying the physical or ionic form (identity)– defined by their size and chemistry. –needs to be detected together
- Challenges in quantifying the ENMs
Extremely low concentration of ENMs need instruments with high sensitivity - Interference from matrix and naturally occurring nanomaterials
Specificity of instrument to differentiate between natural particles and ENMs - Possible transformation of ENMs in the food matrix and during sample preparation (e.g. agglomeration, aggregation, and dissolution)
- Potential variations originating from different surface chemistry or shape 6. Challenges in differentiating naturally occurring nanomaterials from ENMs
Protocols for Detection and Quantification of NMs in Food
sampling–>sample preparation: matrix degradation or NMs extraction–>purification and concentration–>detection,quantification and characterization
e.g. of sample preapration
acid digestion of isolating SiO2
Alkaline digestion ofr metalic NMs
digestive enzyes
extract with water or solvent added with surfactant, ionic liquid and alkanethiols
e.g. of purification and concentration
centrifugation
filtration
chromatography
e.g of detection quantification and characterization
single particle ICP-MS
e-microscopy combined with EDX
FTIR and Raman mucroscopy
spectroscopic methods
ICP-OES and ICP-MS belong to which step?
detection and quantification
what is ICP-OES
inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy
what does FFF-UV-V? and belong to?
combined techniques
light detector
what does FFF-ICP-MS/ICP-OES belong to?
combined technique
list 2 combined technique
FFF-UV-V
FFF-ICP-ICP-OES
ICP-MS/ICP-OES use___? sample amount?
pretreatment? cost? suitable for high throughput analysis?
Ag TiO2 mg microwave or hot plat digestion with concentration acid low cost, high expertise high production analysis
e- microscopy is widely use to?
determine the size, shape, and other elemental properties of NPs/NMs in food matrices
what is TEM?
transmission EM
TEM is suitable for?
imaging NPs with a resolution of 0.5 nm
The NPs appear as __dots on a lighter background.
dark
EDX detector is used to?
get the elemental composition of NMs
why specimen has to be very thin?
In TEM, electrons are transmitted through a specimen (therefore, the specimen has to be very thin) to obtain an image;
how is scattered e- detect in SEM?
at the sample interface for imaging.
what are the limitation for e- microscopy?
Tedious sample preparation
Need to dry the samples
Not a quantitative technic
TEM is mostly used to localize and identify inorganic particles.
TEM is mostly used to ___?
localize and identify inorganic particles.
what is FFF?
Field Flow Fractionation Chromatography
FFF used to?
separate particles based on their sizes.
principle of FFF-ICP-MS
- upper channel plate is impermeable, bottom permeable
- the flow of liquid create parabolic flow profile, the stream mover slower when it close to boundary edges, center flow is faster
- accumulation wall” of the cannel is create when the analyes are driven to the boundary layer when there is perpendicular force field applied to the flow
- different size particles are separated by the velocity gradient flowing inside the channel
- smaller faster
- ICP-MS combined with FFF to detect and quantify elemental composition
FFF-ICP-MS: upper channel plate is __, bottom __
impermeable
permeable
FFF-ICP-MS:the flow of liquid create ____, the stream mover ___ when it close to boundary edges, center flow is ___
parabolic flow profile
slower
faster
FFF-ICP-MS: “accumulation wall” of the cannel is create when ____ when there is ______applied to the flow
the analyes are driven to the boundary layer when there is perpendicular force field applied to the flow
FFF-ICP-MS: different size particles are separated by ____
velocity gradient flowing inside the channel
FFF-ICP-MS: small , __?
small faster
ICP-MS combined with FFF to ___?
detect and quantify elemental composition
descibe the quantification of siica particle in food. steps
weight 0.8g transfer to teflon flask add 8ml concentrated nitric acid microwave digestion cool down dilution with water at a factor of 14 quantify amount of SIO2 using ICP-MS or ICP-OES
SFCR
safe food for canadaian regulation : Modern food safety requirements for businesses that import food, or prepare food to be exported or sold across provinces
Canada is a participating member country in Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD) and The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) , both of which has working groups for identifying ____
health safety of nanomaterials.
Regulation on Food Information to Consumers
This regulation considers labelling of food, which also includes the labelling of nanoparticles.
Framework Regulation
general requirements for all food contact materials
Novel food regulation
This regulation focuses on foods and food ingredients that were not used for human consumption to a significant degree in the EU before 15 May 1997
stage of ENMs
nanomaterial incorporate to food food processing e.g. dry/wet heat transport and storage consumption waste disposal
2 significance
- biological uptake and cellular process
- free racial and reactive oxygen species generate and active stress and pathology
e.g of charactization
surface absoprtion of matrix component
dissolution
hydrophobicity
enzymatic
