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FDSC300 > 17-Nanomaterials > Flashcards

17-Nanomaterials Flashcards

1
Q

what is nanotechnology?

A

Manipulation of matter at the nanoscale to generate size- dependent functionalities different from atom/molecules/bulk materials.

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2
Q

what is nanomaterial?

A

Material with at least one of its dimension is between 1-100 nm

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3
Q

nanomaterials are expected to produce fibers ___ times stronger than steel at only ___th the weight— almost certainly the strongest fibers that will ever be made out of anything.”

A

100

1/6

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4
Q

what does nanoscale mean?

A

1-100 nanometre

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5
Q

what does The term “nanoscale properties/phenomena” means

A

properties which are attributable to size and their effects; these properties are distinguishable from the chemical or physical properties of individual atoms, individual molecules and bulk material;

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6
Q

what does “manufactured” includes ?

A

engineering processes and the control of matter.

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7
Q

what is ENM

A

engineered nanomaterials

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8
Q

what are the 3 properties of ENMs

A
  • More molecules/atoms on the surface
  • Increased Surface area
  • Dominance of quantum effects
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9
Q

what is the size of atom/molecules

A

<1nm

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10
Q

what is the size of nanoparticle?

A

1-100nm

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11
Q

what is the size of bulk material

A

> 1000nm

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12
Q

ENMs is diversity, list of nanomaterial is increasing, ___ possibilities of nanomaterial design

A

infinite

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13
Q

what makes ENMs unique?

A
  • -Increased % of surface exposed atoms
  • -Novel functionalities
  • -Sophistication
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14
Q

Nanomaterials behave ___ in biological system

A

differently

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15
Q

AuNPs-> DNA intercalating ->__

A

Cancer treatment

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16
Q

5 applications of nanotechnology?

A 
clean energy
clean water
clean air
clean land
good health
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17
Q

ex of clean energy

A

− Solar cells − Fuel cells − Batteries − Bio fuels

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18
Q

ex of clean water

A

•Wastewater •Seawater

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19
Q

ex of clean air

A

CO2 capturing

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20
Q

ex of clean land

A
  • Environmental remediation

* Green chemistry

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21
Q

what are the function of nanotechnology in plant?

A

enhancing plant nutrition and disease resistance

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22
Q

ex of nanotechnology in handling surface

A

Food handling surfaces coted with antimicrobial agents

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23
Q

ex of nanotechnology in food processing

A

Surfaces that withstand mechanical abrasions

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24
Q

diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in identity

A
  • -Chemical composition and molecular weight

- -Chemical composition, size, shape, amorphous or crystal, surface chemistry etc.

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25
Q

diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in transformation in body

A
  • Enzymatic

- Physiochemical environment (pH, salt concentration, biomolecules adsorption, protein corona etc.)

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26
Q

diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in metrics

A
  • molarity

- weight, surface area, surface reactivity

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27
Q

diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in vascular movement

A
  • diffusion

- Hydrodynamics of particles determined by their size and shape

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28
Q

diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in protein binding

A
  • Non-specific protein binding, primarily with albumin
  • Dynamic interaction of nanoparticles with proteins, to form bio-corona. Determined by availability and affinity of the protein and the material chemistry.
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29
Q

diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in circulation through body

A
  • Systemic distribution through circulatory system.

- Trafficking

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30
Q

diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in tissue trapping

A
  • Mainly determined by type of charge and hydrophobicity

- Determined by colloidal properties, agglomeration, aggregation, depending on pH, ionic strength. NMs may transform

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31
Q

diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in cellular uptake

A
  • Diffusion or by molecular transporters

- Vesicular transport

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32
Q

diff between small molecule and nanoparticles in elimination

A
  • Via liver and kidney

- Size dependent, NMs <6 nm get cleared via kidney. Degradation in hepatic

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33
Q

what makes nanomaterials unique w.r.t biological interactions?

A 
identity
transformation
metrics
vascular movement
protein binding
circulation
tissue trapping
cellular uptake
elimination
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34
Q

Nano Fe(III) absorption in humans correlated with?

A

serum iron increase and direct in vitro cellular uptake, but not with gastric solubility.

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35
Q

Nano-Fe uptake is independent of ?

A

transporter .

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36
Q

Uptake is through ___and dissolution in the __

A

endocytosis

lysosome.

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37
Q

IHAT showed ~___%relative bioavailability to ___in humans and, in a rodent model

A

80

Fe(II) sulfate

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38
Q

IHAT did/didnot accumulate in the intestinal mucosa ,promoted a ___ microbiota.

A

didn’t

benefical

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39
Q

HAT was __ less __ than Fe(II) sulfate/ascorbate. Nano Fe(III) manifests _____ in cellular and murine models and shows efficacy at
treating ______

A

14-fold less toxic
minimal acute intestinal
toxicity
iron deficiency anaemia.

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40
Q

nanotechnology can improve?

A

bioavailability of nutrients

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41
Q

ex of Improving the bioavailability of nutrients by nanotechnology

A

–Iron from nanocompounds containing
iron and zinc is highly bioavailable in
rats without tissue accumulation.

–control release VD3

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42
Q

Cost effective methods for increasing bioavailability of ___-nutrients

A

micro

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43
Q

what are other application of nanotechnology?

A
  • food applications of QD
  • rapid detection of food borne pathogens
  • imaging of gluten network in bread
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44
Q

what is QD?

A

quantum dots

45
Q

adv of silica particle

A

good material with diverse food application. high volume production material.
Estimated daily dietary in take is 9.4 mg SAS particles/kg body weight

46
Q

Addition of silica improves the___ properties of spices

A

milling

47
Q

what other adv of silica?

A 
Improved flowability
•Exact dosing
•Improved storage stability • Increased productivity
• Constant quality
• Cost savings
48
Q

___ products containing NM

Market share for nanotechnology in food and agriculture is ___?

A

140

0.9 trillion

49
Q

application filed of nanotechnology?

A
  • flavor enhance, fortification
  • food processing, food contact material
  • antimicrobial package, gas permeability
  • tracking RFID with sensor
  • fertilizer, pesticide, drug delivery, infection control
50
Q

Areas of nanotech applications in food production

A
  • animal nutrition
  • disease control and monitoring
  • vaccine
  • plant nutrition
  • pesticide
  • food additives
  • packaging application
  • food/health supplements
51
Q

the most material contact in food of nano?

A

silicon dioxide
titanium dioxide
microcrystalline cellulose
nano-calcium

52
Q

summary of application ENMs in food:ENPs/ENMs are being widely employed in the food industries
to:

A

(1) Prevent microbial and oxidation spoilage of packaged foods
(2) Food processing surfaces with antimicrobial properties, better heat transfer, and wear& tear properties
(3) Improve colors, consistency and flavors,
(4) Modify the texture and taste of foods,
(5) Detect allergens and microbial pathogens
(6) Increase the bioavailability of vitamins and minerals

53
Q

4 steps learn nano

A
  • intro
  • indicators of potential health hazard
  • pathway to sustainable nanotech
  • research studies
54
Q

__ inorganic particles (manufactured) ingested

A

10^12-14

55
Q

3 pathway after injestion

A
  • ——–elimation
  • ——–absorption–>systemic circulation–>poteintal interaction–>dissolution OR no dissolution–>excretion OR retention
  • ——-disolution–>elimination
56
Q

enzyme in oral, stomach, SI,LI

A

amylase-degrade CHO
pepsinogen-de Protein
protese, lipase, amylase
NA-microbial degradation,

57
Q

passive diffusion in?

A

oral, Stomach,SI, LI

58
Q

passive,active, fatilitate diffusion in?

A

SI

LI

59
Q

harmful of TiO2

A

TiO2 nanomaterials induced endothelial cell leakage

60
Q

processing pathway depended toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticle ex.

A

colloidal vs pyrolytic

–hemolytic cleavage

61
Q

fumed silica has higher/lower % hemolysis than stober silica

A

higher

–higher [] higher % hemolysis

62
Q

which 2 has the highest % hemolysis?

A

as received group

and rehydrated group

63
Q

__ will reduce 25,50 ug/ml % hemolysis

A

calcined at 600, 800oC

64
Q

Silica particles are not ___

A

neutral

65
Q

Silica particles active ____ cell

A

dendritic

66
Q

silica particle Potential to cause increased incidence of

A

inflammatory bowel disease or other chronic intestinal disorders

67
Q

Potential implications of nanotechnology to human and environmental health, mechanistic injury pathway

A
  • -redox activity
  • -dissolution, shedding toxic ion
  • -cationic toxicity
  • -lung fibrosis
  • -inflammasome activation
  • -photoactivation
  • -embryo hatching interference
  • -membrane lysis
68
Q

risk= __ x__

A

hazard x exposure

69
Q

risk identification–> ___ &___assessment–> risk characterization –> risk management

A

exposure

dose-response

70
Q

Relevance of nanomaterials detection in food

A
  1. Health risk assessment of nanomaterial added food
  2. Identify the change in nanomaterials properties when they incorporated into different food matrix and transport through different biological compartments (mouth-stomach-small intestine-liver-blood etc)
  3. Verify claims related to the use of nanomaterials
71
Q

Challenge for the Detection and Quantification of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in Food

A
  1. Challenges with identifying the physical or ionic form (identity)– defined by their size and chemistry. –needs to be detected together
  2. Challenges in quantifying the ENMs
    Extremely low concentration of ENMs need instruments with high sensitivity
  3. Interference from matrix and naturally occurring nanomaterials
    Specificity of instrument to differentiate between natural particles and ENMs
  4. Possible transformation of ENMs in the food matrix and during sample preparation (e.g. agglomeration, aggregation, and dissolution)
  5. Potential variations originating from different surface chemistry or shape 6. Challenges in differentiating naturally occurring nanomaterials from ENMs
72
Q

Protocols for Detection and Quantification of NMs in Food

A

sampling–>sample preparation: matrix degradation or NMs extraction–>purification and concentration–>detection,quantification and characterization

73
Q

e.g. of sample preapration

A

acid digestion of isolating SiO2
Alkaline digestion ofr metalic NMs
digestive enzyes
extract with water or solvent added with surfactant, ionic liquid and alkanethiols

74
Q

e.g. of purification and concentration

A

centrifugation
filtration
chromatography

75
Q

e.g of detection quantification and characterization

A

single particle ICP-MS
e-microscopy combined with EDX
FTIR and Raman mucroscopy
spectroscopic methods

76
Q

ICP-OES and ICP-MS belong to which step?

A

detection and quantification

77
Q

what is ICP-OES

A

inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy

78
Q

what does FFF-UV-V? and belong to?

A

combined techniques

light detector

79
Q

what does FFF-ICP-MS/ICP-OES belong to?

A

combined technique

80
Q

list 2 combined technique

A

FFF-UV-V

FFF-ICP-ICP-OES

81
Q

ICP-MS/ICP-OES use___? sample amount?

pretreatment? cost? suitable for high throughput analysis?

A 
Ag TiO2
mg
microwave or hot plat digestion with concentration acid
low cost, high expertise
high production analysis
82
Q

e- microscopy is widely use to?

A

determine the size, shape, and other elemental properties of NPs/NMs in food matrices

83
Q

what is TEM?

A

transmission EM

84
Q

TEM is suitable for?

A

imaging NPs with a resolution of 0.5 nm

85
Q

The NPs appear as __dots on a lighter background.

A

dark

86
Q

EDX detector is used to?

A

get the elemental composition of NMs

87
Q

why specimen has to be very thin?

A

In TEM, electrons are transmitted through a specimen (therefore, the specimen has to be very thin) to obtain an image;

88
Q

how is scattered e- detect in SEM?

A

at the sample interface for imaging.

89
Q

what are the limitation for e- microscopy?

A

Tedious sample preparation
Need to dry the samples
Not a quantitative technic
TEM is mostly used to localize and identify inorganic particles.

90
Q

TEM is mostly used to ___?

A

localize and identify inorganic particles.

91
Q

what is FFF?

A

Field Flow Fractionation Chromatography

92
Q

FFF used to?

A

separate particles based on their sizes.

93
Q

principle of FFF-ICP-MS

A
  1. upper channel plate is impermeable, bottom permeable
  2. the flow of liquid create parabolic flow profile, the stream mover slower when it close to boundary edges, center flow is faster
  3. accumulation wall” of the cannel is create when the analyes are driven to the boundary layer when there is perpendicular force field applied to the flow
  4. different size particles are separated by the velocity gradient flowing inside the channel
  5. smaller faster
  6. ICP-MS combined with FFF to detect and quantify elemental composition
94
Q

FFF-ICP-MS: upper channel plate is __, bottom __

A

impermeable

permeable

95
Q

FFF-ICP-MS:the flow of liquid create ____, the stream mover ___ when it close to boundary edges, center flow is ___

A

parabolic flow profile
slower
faster

96
Q

FFF-ICP-MS: “accumulation wall” of the cannel is create when ____ when there is ______applied to the flow

A

the analyes are driven to the boundary layer when there is perpendicular force field applied to the flow

97
Q

FFF-ICP-MS: different size particles are separated by ____

A

velocity gradient flowing inside the channel

98
Q

FFF-ICP-MS: small , __?

A

small faster

99
Q

ICP-MS combined with FFF to ___?

A

detect and quantify elemental composition

100
Q

descibe the quantification of siica particle in food. steps

A 
weight 0.8g
transfer to teflon flask
add 8ml concentrated nitric acid
microwave digestion
cool down
dilution with water at a factor of 14
quantify amount of SIO2 using ICP-MS or ICP-OES
101
Q

SFCR

A

safe food for canadaian regulation : Modern food safety requirements for businesses that import food, or prepare food to be exported or sold across provinces

102
Q

Canada is a participating member country in Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD) and The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) , both of which has working groups for identifying ____

A

health safety of nanomaterials.

103
Q

Regulation on Food Information to Consumers

A

This regulation considers labelling of food, which also includes the labelling of nanoparticles.

104
Q

Framework Regulation

A

general requirements for all food contact materials

105
Q

Novel food regulation

A

This regulation focuses on foods and food ingredients that were not used for human consumption to a significant degree in the EU before 15 May 1997

106
Q

stage of ENMs

A 
nanomaterial
incorporate to food
food processing e.g. dry/wet heat
transport and storage 
consumption
waste disposal
107
Q

2 significance

A
  • biological uptake and cellular process

- free racial and reactive oxygen species generate and active stress and pathology

108
Q

e.g of charactization

A

surface absoprtion of matrix component
dissolution
hydrophobicity
enzymatic

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