Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FDSC300 > 13-mineral > Flashcards

13-mineral Flashcards

1
Q

what are the minor components?

A

Minerals, vitamins and organic acids, enzymes and alcohols,Nutraceuticals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ex of Nutraceuticals

A

( e.g. phenolic compounds, pigments such as anthocyanines, some fatty acids, some peptides).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the classification based on?

A

distribution and amount of component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is mineral?

A

inorganic species or substances that are of neither animal nor plant origin (i.e., natural compounds generally not containing a C, H, O, or N skeleton).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

mineral don’t contain?

A

CHON skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the dietary macro mineral?

A

Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Phosphorus (P) Chlorine (Cl) and Sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how much does dietary macro mineral need daily?

A

more than 100mg/day by adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ex of Food safety- contamination or adulteration

A

siliceous matter in grains/cereals. Sea food contamination with heavy metal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ex of food fraud?

A

vege protein VS animal protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which mineral need to be labled?

A

The Food and Drug Regulations mandated labeling of Sodium, iron, and calcium contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why label Ca Na AND Fe

A

their important roles in controlling hypertension, preventing anemia, and impeding the development of osteoporosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fortification of some foods has allowed addition of ___?

A

minerals above levels ever expected naturally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ex of fortification

A

1- Prepared breakfast cereals often are fortified with minerals such as calcium, iron, and zinc.
2- Fortification of salt with iodine.
3- Salt is added as a preservative; this increases significantly the sodium content in foods such as processed meats, pickles, and processed cheese.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

list 4 classification

A

macromineral
trace mineral
ultra trace mineral
heavy metal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is macromineral

A

required at more than 100 mg per day by the adult.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is trace mineral

A

are required in milli- or microgram quantities per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is ultra trace mineral

A

are being investigated for possible biological function, but they currently do not have clearly defined biochemical role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is heavy metal

A

toxic to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

list 7 macromineral

A

P,Ca, S,Cl,Na,K,Mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

list 10 trace mineral

A

Fe,Zn, I,Cu, Cr, manganese, molybdenum, fluoride,

selenium, and silica.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

list 4 heavy metal

A

Lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

evaporate whole milk has ___ calcium content, butter with salt has ___ calcium content

A

high

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

5 method to analysis food minerals

A

1- Potentiometry using ion-selective electrodes (ISEs)
2- Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV)
3- Titrimetry
4- Colorimetric methods or spectrophotometry methods.
5- Instrumental methods:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does Potentiometry use and base on?

A

ISE

Based on a sensor (transducer) that specifically bind to the dissolved ions to produce electrical potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) involve?

A

involves (i) pre-concentration of a metal phase onto a solid electrode surface or into Hg (liquid) at negative potentials and (ii) selective oxidation of each metal phase species during an anodic potential sweep. Depending on the type of metal ions present, the current will change when increasing potential is applied to the electrode.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

e.g. of titrimetry

A

(e.g. EDTA Complexometric Titration and Precipitation Titration).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

which 2 method does instrumental method contain?

A

atomic absorption Spectroscopy AAS

atomic emission Spectroscopy AES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what 3 methods does AAS has

A

a- Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS).

b- Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS). c- Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what 3 methods does AES has

A

a- Flame Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (FAES)
b- Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) c- Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is EDTA Complexometric Titration used for

A

testing

hardness of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The hexadentate ligand ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) forms __?

A

stable 1:1 complexes with numerous mineral ions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how is endpoint detected?

A

using mineral chelators that have coordination constants lower than EDTA (i.e., less affinity for mineral ions) and that produce different colors in each of their complexed and free states.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

___ and ____ are such indicators that change from blue to pink when they complex with ___ or ___.

A

Calmagite and Eriochrome Black T (EBT) are such indicators that change from blue to pink when they complex with calcium or magnesium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Calmagite and Eriochrome Black T (EBT) are such indicators that change from ___ to ___ when they complex with calcium or magnesium.

A

Calmagite and Eriochrome Black T (EBT) are such indicators that change from blue to pink when they complex with calcium or magnesium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

____ and _____ are such indicators that change from __ to ___ when they complex with calcium or magnesium.

A

Calmagite and Eriochrome Black T (EBT) are such indicators that change from blue to pink when they complex with calcium or magnesium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The endpoint of a complexometric EDTA titration using either Calmagite or EBT as the indicator is detected as the color changes from __ to ___.

A

pink to blue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

write down the equation

A

Sample with Ca or Mg+ calmagite in pH10 will get pink complex

pink complex +EDTA form Blue complex

38
Q

steps of EDTA Complexometric Titration

A

1- Prepare 0.036M EDTA solution.
2- Prepare ammonia buffer. Mix of ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride (pH 10-11).
3- In a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask add 50ml of milk, 3ml ammonia buffer and few drops of calmagite indicator.
4- Titrated with EDTA solution.

39
Q

what is the usage of ammonia buffer

A
  • To maintain pH of solution at pH10 ± 0.1.
  • Improve the stability of EDTA-Metal ion complex
  • Improves the sharpness of endpoint
  • Make sure pH does not exceed 11 as Ca and Mg will precipitate as hydroxides.
40
Q

Calmagite Indicator: ( Analysis of ?

A

calcium and Magnesium in milk)

41
Q

why pH should not excess 11?

A

Ca and Mg will precipitate as hydroxides.

42
Q

the principle of precipitation?

A
  • When at least one product of a titration reaction is an insoluble precipitate, it is referred to as precipitation titrimetry.
43
Q

The Mohr method for ____ determination is a ____titration method.

A

chloride

direct or forward

44
Q

Mohr method based on?

A

the formation of an orange-colored solid, silver chromate, after silver from silver nitrate has complexed with all the available chloride.

45
Q

write down the equ of Mohr method

A

AgNO3 + Cl–> AgCl + NaNO3 ( until all Cl- complexed)

2Ag + K2CrO4–> Ag2CrO4 (Orange only after Cl- is all complexed)

46
Q

all Cl need to be_?

A

complexed

47
Q

write down the steps ofMohr Method Steps to determine chloride in butter:

A

1- Weigh about 5 g of butter into 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask and add 100 ml of boiling H2O.
2- Let it stand for 5–10 min with occasional swirling.
3-Add 2 ml of a 5% solution of K2CrO4 in H2O.
4 Titrate with 0.1 N AgNO3 until having an orange-brown color.

48
Q

what does Volhard method measure?

A

Chloride determination

49
Q

what does volhard method belong to?

A

precipitation titrmetry, analysis food mineral

50
Q

what is the basic prinicple of volhard method?

A

The sample is added with AgNO3 where AgCl is precipitated out and excess of AgNO3 remains. We are measuring moles of AgNO3 left behind in the subsequent steps

51
Q

volhard method Mostly used for determining __?

A

salt in high salt products

52
Q

volhard:The sample is wet-ashed with __? why?

A

HNO3 (to digest organic matter)

53
Q

volhard: The excess AgNO3 is back titrated with ___, using ___ as indicator

A

Potassium thiocyanate(KSCN), using ferric ammonium sulfate as indicator

54
Q

volhard: write down the reaction equ

A

Ag+ + Cl- –>AgCl
Ag+ +SCN- —>AgSCN
SCN- +Fe3–>FeSCN2+

55
Q

why add SCN-?

A

to quantitate silver not complexed with chloride

56
Q

what color will show when there is any SCN that is not complexed to Ag+ after all the Ag+ ions are depleted

A

red

57
Q

volhard: write down the pathway

A

sample+AgNO3–> AgCl + excess AgNO3+ organic compound
Wet wash with HNO3
get AgCl+ excessAgNO3
add FeNH4(SO4)2 12H2O as an indicator
back-titration with KSCN
ferric thiocyanate FeSCN2+ is the end point orange color

58
Q

volhard:-The volume of AgNO3 solution added must be in ___ of that required ?why ?

A

excess

to react with the chlorides in the sample.

59
Q

volhard: what is an indicator?

A

Ferric ammonium sulfate (FeNH4(SO4)2)

60
Q

volhard: what is the titration solution?

A

back-titrate the excess AgNO3 with potassium thiocyante (KSCN) solution.

61
Q

volhard: what indicator as endpoint?

A

The FeNH4(SO4)2 reacts with an excess of thiocyanate (when all the Ag ions from AgNO3 are used up), forming the salmon colored complex, ferric thiocyanate FeSCN++, indicating the end point.

62
Q

what is the sequence of adding solution in volhard method? why?

A

The AgNO3 solution must be added first, followed by the concentrated HNO3. This order of addition is critical to ensure complete precipitation of the chlorides.

63
Q

what if HNO3 is add fist?

A

chloride loss by volatilization as HCl could occur because HCl has a higher vapor pressure than HNO3

64
Q

HCl has ___ vapor pressure than HNO3?

A

higher

65
Q

what are chromogens?

A

chemicals, form colored product with compound reaction, selective react with a wide variety of mineral

66
Q

-Each chromogen reacts with its corresponding mineral to produce a___product that can be quantified by____ .

A

Soluble colored

absorption of light at a specified wavelength

67
Q

e.g. of chromogen

A

Alizarin 3-sulphonate for calcium determination

Calcium ions and 0-cresolphthalein forms red complex under alkaline (pH>12) Ferrozine and Ferene-S for Iron

68
Q

what can be used for calcium determination? what is the color?

A

Alizarin 3- sulphonate

purple

69
Q

what can be used for iron determination? what is the color?

A

ferrozine
ferene-S
Blue

70
Q

__ ions and ___forms __ complex under __(pH>12)

A

Calcium ions and 0-cresolphthalein forms red complex under alkaline (pH>12)

71
Q

how to determination iron in meat

A

By reacting (Ferrous) iron2+ with o-phenanthroline to form an orange-red complex ion Ferrous tris-o-phenanthroline

72
Q

what is AAS

A

atomic absorption spectroscopy

73
Q

what is AES

A

atomic emission spectroscopy

74
Q

what does AAS have

A

FAAS
CVAAS
GFAAS-graphite furnace

75
Q

what does AES have

A

FAES
ICP-AES
ICP-OES
inductively coupled plasma

76
Q

Atomic spectroscopic methods are based on the measurement of the ____or ____ of the measured element in a sample.

A

electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted by the atoms of the measured element in a sample.

77
Q

AAS:Atomic absorption spectra are produced when ____absorb energy from a ___

A

ground state atoms (or ions) radiation source

78
Q

AES:Atomic emission spectra are produced when ____

emit energy on returning to the ground state or a lower energy state.

A

excited neutral atoms

emit energy

79
Q

why are Atoms absorb or emit radiation of discrete wavelengths ?

A

because the allowed energy levels of electrons in atoms are fixed (not random).

80
Q

Atomic spectroscopy requires that ___ of the element of interest be in the ___ state (not combined with other elements in a compound)
and that they be well separated in space.

A

atoms

atomic state

81
Q

In foods, virtually all elements are present as ___and, therefore, must be converted to ___before atomic ___ or ____measurements can be made.

A

compounds or complexes neutral atoms (atomized) absorption or emission

82
Q

what do atomization do?

A

separating particles into individual molecules (vaporization) and breaking molecules into atoms.

83
Q

how to do atomization?

A

exposing the analyte (the substance being measured) to high temperatures in a flame or plasma although other methods may be used.

84
Q

what analytical can be used when the source of enerzy for atomization is flame electrothermal ,the atomization temp is 1700-3150?

A

AAS

AES

85
Q

what analytical can be used when the source of enerzy for atomization is flame electrothermal ,the atomization temp is 1200-3000?

A

GFAAS

86
Q

what analytical can be used when the source of energy for atomization is inductively coupled argon plasma ,the atomization temp is 6000-7000?

A

ICP-AES

ICP-MS

87
Q

RANK the sensitivelty of diff methods

A

GFAAS

88
Q

based on the color of fire, __ can be test?

A

metal ion

89
Q

when heated, the e- in metal ion gain energy and go to higher energy level. it is energetically ____, so the e- fall back, release energy. the energy release as ____

A

unstable

light energy

90
Q
  • Absorption spectroscopy- atoms ____ light
A

absorb

91
Q

Emission spectroscopy- ions ___light (at very high temperature)

A

emit

92
Q

2 way of atomization

A

ion–>atom–>gas

solution–> solid–> gas–>atom–>ion

FDSC300 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions