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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > 17. Immunology (Innate) > Flashcards

17. Immunology (Innate) Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity? (1)

A

A general, non-specific immune response that is not directed at a particular disease organism.

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2
Q

What are some examples of innate immunity? (4)

A
  1. WBC/macrophages: Phagocytosis of bacteria and other invaders
  2. Stomach acid and enzymes: Destruction of swallowed organisms
  3. Skin: Resistance to invasion.
  4. Blood: Presence in chemical compounds that attach to foreign organisms/toxins and destroy them.
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3
Q

Give examples of chemical compounds involved in innate immunity.

A

Lysosomes, basic polypeptides, complement complex, natural killer lymphocytes.

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4
Q

What is acquired or adaptive immunity?

A
  1. A powerful, specific immune response against individual invading agents.
  2. The formation of antibodies and/or the activation of lymphocytes that attack and destroy a specific invading organism or toxin.
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5
Q

What are the two types of acquired immunity?

A
  1. Humoral immunity (B-cell immunity), where the body develops circulating antibodies.
  2. Cell-mediated immunity (T-cell immunity), which involves the formation of activated T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes.
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6
Q

What are leukocytes? Where are they found (2)

A
  1. Mobile units of the body’s protective system
  2. Formed in the bone marrow (granulocytes and
    monocytes and a few lymphocytes) and in lymph
    tissue (lymphocytes and plasma cells). Then
    transported to where they are needed.
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7
Q

What are the types and quantities of white blood cells in the blood? (7)

A
  1. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (62%)
  2. Polymorphonuclear eosinophils (2.3%)
  3. Polymorphonuclear basophils (0.4%)
  4. Monocytes (5.3%)
  5. Lymphocytes (30%)
  6. Plasma cells (300,000/ μl of blood)
  7. Platelets.
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8
Q

What are granulocytes/polys? (3)

A
  1. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils
  2. Polymorphonuclear eosinophils
  3. Polymorphonuclear basophils
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9
Q

What are phagocytes? (4)

A
  1. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils
  2. Polymorphonuclear eosinophils
  3. Polymorphonuclear basophils
  4. Monocytes
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10
Q

What types of white blood cells are more involved in acquired immunity? (2)

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Plasma cells.
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11
Q

What are platelets? (1)

A

Fragments of megakaryocytes from bone marrow that activate blood clotting.

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12
Q

What is the lifespan of neutrophils/eosinophils/basophils after they are released? (2)

A
  1. 4-5 hours in circulation
  2. 4-5 days in tissue.
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13
Q

What is the lifespan of monocytes after they are released?

A
  1. After release: 10-20 hours in blood
  2. After they enter tissues: can live for months as tissue macrophages
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14
Q

What is the lifespan of lymphocytes?

A

They are continuously circulating for weeks to months

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15
Q

Describe neutrophils vs monocytes and maturity (2)

A
  1. N: Mature cells that can attack and destroy bacteria even in circulating blood.
  2. M: Immature in blood, they swell to become tissue macrophages once they enter tissues.
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16
Q

How do white blood cells enter tissue space? How do they move through it? What are they attracted to? (7)

A
  1. Enter: Through diapedesis, squeezing through the pores of blood capillaries.
  2. Move: Amoebic motion.
  3. Attracted to inflamed tissue by chemotaxis
    – Some bacterial and viral toxins
    – Degenerative products of inflamed tissues
    – Reaction products of the “complement complex”
    – Reaction products of plasma clotting
17
Q

What is the most important function of neutrophils and macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis

18
Q

Describe how phagocytosis is selective (3)

A
  1. Most natural structures in tissue have smooth surfaces which resist phagocytosis
  2. Most natural substances in body have protective protein coats that repel phagocytes while dead and foreign particles have no such protein coat
  3. When antibodies adhere – makes the bacteria more
    susceptible to phagocytosis; via complement complex
19
Q

What happens once a particle is phagocytized?

A
  1. Digested by intracellular enzymes (lysosomes with
    proteolytic enzymes)
  2. Macrophages also have lipases that can digest lipid
    membranes
  3. Both contain bactericidal agents
20
Q

How many bacteria can neutrophils phagocytize before dying? How about macrophages? (2)

A
  1. N: 3 to 20 bacteria each.
    2, M: 100 bacteria each, as well as larger particles; they can extrude residual products and survive.
21
Q

What is the monocyte-macrophage cell system? Where are they found? Whas is the response? (4)

A
  1. Tissue macrophages:
  2. Found in skin and subcutaneous tissue.
  3. Can become mobile and respond to chemotaxis.
  4. Respond when the skin breaks.
22
Q

How do macrophages in lymph nodes function? (2)

A
  1. If not destroyed locally enter the lymph system and flow through lymph nodes
  2. Trapped in nodes by meshwork of sinuses lined with tissue macrophages
23
Q

What cells are involved in the monocyte-macrophage cell system? (2)

A
  1. Alveolar macrophages
  2. Microglia of CNS
24
Q

What are macrophages in the liver?

A
  1. Deal with toxins etc. absorbed by the digestive tract before they reach the general circulation
25
Q

What are macrophages in spleen and bone marrow?

A

Needed when bacteria etc. enter the general circulation

26
Q

What is inflammation characterized by? (5)

A
  1. Vasodilation of local blood vessels
  2. Increased capillary permeability
  3. Clotting of fluid in the interstitial spaces
  4. Migration of granulocytes and monocytes into tissues
  5. Swelling of tissue
27
Q

What is inflammation caused by? (4)

A
  1. Histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, prostaglandins
  2. Reaction products of the complement system
  3. Reaction products of blood clotting
  4. Lymphocytes – released by T-cells
28
Q

What does inflammation activate?

A

the macrophage system

29
Q

What is walling off?

A

Fibrinogen clots – decreases the fluid flow through the area thus delays spread of bacteria or toxic products

30
Q

What is the first line of defence for inflammation? (2)

A
  1. Tissue macrophages immediately begin phagocytotic activity
  2. Increase in size and become mobile
31
Q

What is the second line of defence of inflammation? (3)

A
  1. Large number of neutrophils invade the inflamed area
  2. Margination
  3. Neutrophilia: 4-5 fold in neutrophils
32
Q

What is margination? (3)

A
  1. neutrophils stick to capillary wall
  2. Increase in the intercellular spaces to allow diapedesis
  3. Chemotaxsis
33
Q

What is the third line of defense in inflammation?

A
  1. Monocytes enter inflamed area and then enlarge to become macrophages ( takes several days)
  2. Enter tissue immature – takes 8 or more hours to swell and develop lysosomes – that is become tissue macrophages
  3. Over time (days to weeks) dominate
    - Increased bone marrow production of monocytes
    - Can consume more and bigger particles than neutrophils
    - Involved in antibody development
34
Q

What is the fourth line of defence of inflammation?

A
  1. Increased production of granulocytes and monocytes in bone marrow
  2. 3 to 4 days
  3. 20-40 times normal for months or years

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (19 decks)

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