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A&P 2 Exam 1 > 17 Blood > Flashcards

17 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hematocrit

A

Percent of RBC in blood volume

45%

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2
Q

Describe normal blood ph, temp, and volume

A

7.35-7.45
38*C
5-6 male
4-5 female

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3
Q

What are the 3 main functions of blood

A

Substance distribution
Regulation of particular substances
Body protection

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4
Q

What does blood transport

A

Oxygen and nutrients
Metabolic waste to lungs and kidneys
Hormones to target organs

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5
Q

How does blood prevent blood loss

A

Activating plasma proteins and platelets

Initiate clot formation

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6
Q

How does blood prevent infection

A

Synthesizing and utilizing antibodies
Activating complement
Activating WBC

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7
Q

What types of substances are in blood plasma

A 
Proteins
Waste
Organic nutrients
Electrolytes
Respiratory gases
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8
Q

What makes up 60% of plasma proteins

A

Albumin

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9
Q

How are blood cells renewed

A

By red bone marrow

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10
Q

Describe an erythrocytes

A

Biconcave disc
Anucleate
Filled with hemoglobin
Contain Spectrin in membrane

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11
Q

Describe hemoglobin

A 
Made of globin protein
-2 alpha chains
-2 beta chains
Each bound to heme
Each heme has an iron 
Each iron can bind to oxygen
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12
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin

A

Hb bound to oxygen

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13
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin

A

Hb after oxygen diffuses into tissues

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14
Q

What is carbaminohemoglobin

A

Hb bound to carbon dioxide

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15
Q

What structural characteristics of RBC contribute to its function

A

Biconcave shape- huge surface area
More than 97% Hb
ATP is generated anaerobically- doesn’t use o2 it transports

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16
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur

A

In red bone marrow
Of axial skeleton and girdles
Epiphytes of humerus / femur

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17
Q

What is the stem cell of all formed elements

A

Hemocytoblast

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18
Q

What causes tissue hypoxia

A

Not enough RBC

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19
Q

What Happens with too many RBC

A

High blood viscosity

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20
Q

What controls erythropoiesis

A

EPO

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21
Q

What triggers the release if EPO

A

Low blood oxygen levels from
Decreased RBC
Decreased oxygen availability
Increased tissue demand

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22
Q

Where is EPO released from

What is its target

A

Kidney/ liver

Red bone marrow

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23
Q

In a clinical setting how does one check for the production of RBC

A

Blood level reticulocyte count

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24
Q

What are the dietary requirements of erythropoiesis

A

Nutrients
Iron
Vit B12
Folic acid

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25
Q

Where is iron stored

A

Hb65%
Liver
Spleen
Bone marrow

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26
Q

How is iron loosely transported

A

Bound to transferrin

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27
Q

What forms is iron stored in in cells

A

Ferritin

Hemosiderin

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28
Q

Why do cells need B12 and Folic acid

A

For DNA synth

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29
Q

Where do macrophages degrade RBC

A

In the spleen

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30
Q

Describe the process of degrading heme

A

Iron is salvaged
Heme becomes bilirubin
Liver secretes bilirubin into intestines
Leaves as stercobilin

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31
Q

Describe the process of degrading globin

A

Broken into amino acids

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32
Q

Define anemia

A

Blood has low oxygen carry capacity

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33
Q

What types of anemia are caused by insufficient erythrocytes

A

Hemorrhagic
Hemolytic
Aplastic

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34
Q

What anemia is caused by acute/ chronic blood loss

A

Hemorrhagic

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35
Q

What anemia is caused by prematurely ruptured RBC

A

Hemolytic

Via malaria or bad transfusiob

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36
Q

What anemia is caused by destruction/ inhibition of RBMarrow

A

Aplastic

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37
Q

What anemias are caused by decreased hemoglobin content

A

Iron deficiency

Pernicious

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38
Q

What anemias are caused by abnormal Hb

A

Thalassemias

Sickle cell

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39
Q

What is a secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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40
Q

What is the treatment of pernicious anemia

A

Injection of B12

Application of nascobal

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41
Q

What 2 things cause iron deficiency anemia

A

Not enough iron in diet

Unable to absorb iron, damaged intestinal linings

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42
Q

What causes pernicious anemia

A

Lack of B12

Lack of intrinsic factor for its absorption

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43
Q

What anemia is caused by absent or faulty globin

A

Thalassemia

RBC deficient in Hb

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44
Q

What anemia. Is caused by abnormal Hb called HbS

A

Sickle cell

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45
Q

What is wrong with HbS

A

Single amino acid substitution in the beta chain

46
Q

What is polycythemia

A

Too many RBC

47
Q

What are the 3 types of polycythemia

A

Polycythemia Vera- cancer
Secondary polycythemia- high altitudes
Blood doping

48
Q

What level of WBC is normal for infection

A

11,000

49
Q

Describe granulocytes

A

Phil’s
Lobed nuclei
Phagocytic

50
Q

What do neutrophil granules contain

A

Peroxidases
Hydrolytic enzymes
Defensins

51
Q

How do eosinophils lessen allergies

A

By phagocytizing immune complexes

52
Q

What are basophils similar to

A

Mast cells

53
Q

What does histamine do

A

Acts as vasodilator and attracts other WBC

54
Q

Describe agranulocytes

A

Cytes

Lack granules

55
Q

Where are most lymphocytes found

A

In lymphoid tissue

Some circulate in blood

56
Q

What do macrophages do

A

Phagocytose

Activate lymphocytes to mount. Immune response

57
Q

What cell do all leukocytes come from

A

Hemocytoblasts

58
Q

Give examples of leukemia

A

Myelocytic-myeloblasts

Lymphocytic- lymphocytes

59
Q

What stem cell forms platelets

A

Hemocytoblasts

60
Q

What happens with leukemia

A

Immature WBC in bloodstream
Bone marrow overtaken with cancerous cells
Death from hemorrhage and infections

61
Q

What cells are platelets fragments of

A

Megakaryocytes

62
Q

What keeps platelets inactive

A

Nitric acid

Prostacyclin

63
Q

What do platelet granules contain

A

Thromboxane A
Ca
ADP
Platelet derived growth factor

64
Q

What are the 3 phases of hemostasis

A

Vascular spasm
Platelet plug
Coagulation

65
Q

What 3 things trigger vascular spasms

A

Direct injury to vascular smooth muscle
Chemicals released by endothelium
Reflexes initiated by local pain receptors

66
Q

What causes platelets to aggregate

A

Contact with collagen in the basal lamina

67
Q

What does Von willebrand factor do

A

Stabilize platelet plug

68
Q

What 3 things do platelets in plug release

A

ADP
Thromboxane A
Calcium

69
Q

How does ADP help plug form

A

Makes platelets sticky

70
Q

How does thromboxane A help platelet plug

A

Enhance vascular spasm

Platelet aggregation

71
Q

When is blood changed into a gel

A

Coagulation

72
Q

What type of coagulants normally dominate in blood

A

Anticoagulants

73
Q

What are the 3 phases of clot formation

A

Make prothrombin activator
Convert prothrombin to thrombin
Convert fibrinogen into fibrin

74
Q

What is prothrombinase

A

Prothrombin activator

75
Q

Describe the intrinsic pathway of activating factor x

A

Exposé factor xii to collagen or glass

76
Q

Describe the extrinsic pathway of activating factor x

A

Release factor iii aka Tissue factor

from under endothelium

77
Q

Which is the faster pathway to activate factor x

A

Extrinsic

78
Q

What is the role of factor x

A

To convert prothrombin protein into thrombin enzyme

79
Q

What is the role of thrombin

A

To catalyze joining of fibrinogen molecules into fibrin mesh

80
Q

What is the role of prothrombin activator

A

To convert prothrombin into thrombin

81
Q

What is clot retraction

A

Stabilization of the clot by squeezing serum from fibrin

82
Q

What does platelet derived growth factor stimulate

A

Rebuilding of vessel wall

83
Q

What 3 things help with repair of vessels

A

PDGF
Fibroblasts- connective patch
VEGF

84
Q

What does VEGF do

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates endothelial cells to restore vessel
Replace connective patch

85
Q

What 2 things prevent clot from getting to large

A

Swift removal of clotting factors

Inhibition of activated clotting factors

86
Q

what inactivates thrombin

A

Anti thrombin 3

87
Q

What are the 2 disorders of blood hemostasis

A

Thromboembolytic disorders

Bleeding disorders

88
Q

Describe a thrombus

A

A persisting clot in an unbroken vessel

Can block circulation and cause tissue death

89
Q

Describe an embolus

A

A free floating thrombus

Embolism when trapped in vessel too small

90
Q

What 3 drugs can treat undesirable clots

A

Aspirin
Heparin
Warfarin

91
Q

How does aspirin prevent clots

A

Anti prostaglandin
Anti platelet
Inhibits thromboxane A

92
Q

How does heparin inhibit clots

A

Anticoagulant
Inhibits thrombin
Intravenous

93
Q

How does warfarin inhibit clots

A

Inhibits factors 6,9, 10, 2

94
Q

What is thrombocytopenia

A

When number if circulating platelets is low

From suppression of bone marrie

95
Q

What does thrombocytopenia cause

A

Many small hemorrhagic areas

Petechiae

96
Q

What are hemophilias

What causes them

A

Deficiency of one clotting factor

Like A8,B9,C11

97
Q

What is most common hemophilia

A

Hemophilia A

Lack of factor viii 8

98
Q

What 2 types if bleeding disorders are there

A

Hemophilia

Liver issues

99
Q

What types of things cause liver related bleeding disorders

A

Vit k deficiency
Hep C
Cirrhosis

100
Q

Why is liver needed for clotting factor production

A

Produces bile for digestion of fat
Fat needed for absorption of Vit K
Vit k needed to synth clotting factors

101
Q

When are whole transfusions given

A

Substantial blood loss

Thrombocytopenia

102
Q

When are packed cells given

A

Anemia treatments

103
Q

When is plasma or saline given

A

When low blood volume

104
Q

What are some examples of plasma expenders

A

Purified human serum albumin
Plasminate
Dextran

105
Q

What is another term for RBC antigens

A

Agglutinogens

106
Q

What happens when RBC antigens and antibodies mix

A

Hemolytic reaction

107
Q

What do transfusion reactions cause

A

Diminished oxygen carrying
Clumped cells
Ruptured RBC- release Hb into blood
Circulating Hb can cause renal failure

108
Q

What are the 3 common Rh agglutinogens

A

C
D
E

109
Q

When are anti Rh antibodies made

A

When Rh- person is exposed to Rh+

110
Q

What happens in hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

Rh+ sensitize Rh- mom

Antibodies cross placenta and attack Rh+ baby

111
Q

What drug is used to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

rhogam

Prevents sensitization

A&P 2 Exam 1 (2 decks)

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