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242 17-20-21 > 17 6-9 > Flashcards

17 6-9 Flashcards

1
Q

Formed elements of the blood?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

  1. only leukocytes are true cells 3. do not divide
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2
Q

Structure of erythrocytes? 5

A

Lack nuclei and most organelles.

97% hemoglobin, 250mil each cell

Biconcave discs.

Spectrin maintains shape.

Two principal proteins: hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase

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3
Q

Importance of biconcave structure? 4

A
  1. ↑ surface to volume ratio
  2. Enables RBCs to form stacks that smooth the flow of blood thru narrow vessels (rouleau)
  3. Enable RBCs to bend and flex through capillaries - spectrin is a fibrous protein that forms cytoskeleton/infrastructue to assist with this.
  4. Aids in diffusion
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4
Q

Function of erythrocytes?

A

Transport respiratory gases - O2/CO2

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5
Q

Length of life cycle of erythrocytes?

A

700 miles, 120 days

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6
Q

C + C RBC/WBC

A

Structure: biconcave disc/uniform varies
Function: Carry O2+Co2, identical varies
Number: Constant varies
Location: Blood tissues

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7
Q

Hemoglobin structure

A

Made of protein globin bound to red heme pigment.

4 polypeptide chains, each chain has a heme pigment, each heme has an iron atom in the middle.
2 alpha and 2 beta chains.

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8
Q

Hemoglobin function

A

It is an oxygen binding pigment that is responsible for the transport of most of the o2 in the blood and 20% of the carbon dioxide.

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9
Q

Where is extra iron stored?

A

Liver, some in red marrow

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10
Q

What do the alpha and beta chains in Hb do?

A

They bind to carbon dioxide via the action of carbonic anhydrase forming carbaminohemoglobin.

Occurs more readily when hemoglobin is disassociated from O2.

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11
Q

When oxygen binds to iron in hemoglobin it is called? When it detaches?

A

oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin (or reduced hemoglobin)

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12
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation (any type)

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13
Q

Hemocytoblasts?

A

mother of all blood cells, pluripotent stem cells

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14
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of erythrocytes

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15
Q

Reticulocyte count

A

Reticulocytes account for 1-2% of all erythrocytes.

A count can indicate abnormal rates of erythrocyte formation.

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16
Q

Mother of all cells?

A

Hemocytoblast/myeloid stem cell

17
Q
  1. Describe the process of erythroPOIESIS (lifecycle)
A

Hemocytoblast/myeloid stem cell –> differentiates into committed proerythroblast which is stimulated is stimulated by EPO, several stages - loses the nucleus, is released into the blood as a reticulocyte. (about 15 day process)

Reticulocytes still contains a few ribosomes and are loaded with and producing as much hemoglobin as possible.

Reticulocytes become mature and functional in a couple days after entering blood.

18
Q

Dietary requirements to make RBCs

A

Iron, B12, folic acid, macronutrients

19
Q

Recycling process of RBCs

A
  1. Aged and damaged RBC are engulfed by macrophages of spleen/liver/bone marrow. (loss of flexibility or hemoglobin degeneration)

Hemoglobin is broken down.

Globin: goes back in the bloodstream as amino acids.

Heme: Iron is stored as ferritin or hemosisiderin then released from liver(bound to transferrin) as needed for erythropoesis.
Biliverdin –> Bilirubin is picked up by the liver, secreted in bile into intestine, metabolized to urobiligen, then stercobilin by bacteria, then excreted.

20
Q

Steps in making RBCs (homeostatic response)

A
  1. hypoxia (due to: ↓ RBC count, ↓ amount of hemoglobin, ↓ availability of O2
  2. Kidney releases EPO (and to a lesser extent the liver)
  3. EPO stimulates red marrow
  4. Enhances erythropoiesis increases RBC count
  5. O2 carrying ability of blood increases
21
Q

Iron needs to be transported and stored as/by?

A

transport transferrin and storage ferritin or hemosiderin proteins

22
Q

Anemia?

A

conditions marked by a reduction in the hemocrit, the Hb or both

The bloods O2 carrying capacity is too low.

23
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of the beta chains of Hb

24
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Due to an inability to absorb enough B12 due to a deficiency of intrinsic factor (a protein that allows for the absorption of B12.)

25
Q

Polycythemia

A

Making too many RBCs.

Primary polycythemia - tumor of bone marrow,

Secondary polycythemia - adaptive mechanism (living at high altitude.)

26
Q

Thalassemia

A

Mediteranean ancestry, one of the globin chains is absent or faulty and erythrocytes are thin/delicate/hemoglobin deficient

27
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

Secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia or lack of iron in diet

28
Q

Renal anemia

A

Lack of EPO

29
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

results from the destruction of inhibition of red bone marrow by drugs/chems

242 17-20-21 (8 decks)

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