17 - 55 yo F with vaginal bleeding Flashcards
menopause: definition
- what is thought to lead to the majority of postmenopausal symptoms?
- ovaries are depleted of follicles and produce less estrogen
- lack of estrogen
- recommendations from the American society for colposcopy and cervical pathology call for pap smear screening to start at age ____ and continue every ____ years until age ____
- preferred screening from age 30-65 is with ____ testing in addition to the __________ test every ____ years
- 21
- 3
- 30
- HPV
- cytology (Pap)
- 5
*cytology alone in the 30-65 group every 3 yeas is also considered acceptable
what is the single best predictor of low bone mineral density?
lower body weight (under 70 kg)
what is the relationship of obesity to osteoporosis?
NOT a risk factor NOR is it protective
most women over 50 should consume an average of _______ of calcium and _______ of vitamin D
- 1200 mg
- 800-1000 IU
a T score of less than ____ indicates osteoporosis
-2.5
cervical polyps are most common in women of what age range?
- postpartum
- perimenopausal
what are the modalities for evaluating postmenopausal bleeding?
- transvaginal US
- endometrial biopsy
- CBC
- FSH and LH
what are the capabilities / roles of transvaginal US in evaluating vaginal bleeding?
- endometrial thickness
- fibroids / leiomyomas
- focal uterine masses
- ovarian pathology
endometrial thickness should be less than _________
4 or 5 mm
what is the traditional gold standard for evaluating postmenopausal bleeding?
endometrial biopsy
what is the role of inhibin? how is it affected by menopause?
- negative feedback of pituitary FSH secretion and synthesis
- less inhibin is produced by ovarian granulosa cells; therefore, circulating FSH and LH levels increase (elevated FSH confirms menopause)
combined estrogen and progesterone use beyond ____ years increases the risk of __________
- 3 years
- breast cancer
beginning hormone therapy after the age of 60 increases the risk for ________________
coronary artery disease
hormone therapy increases the risk of ________ at least for the first 1-2 years
stroke
