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Microbio > 17-20 > Flashcards

17-20 Flashcards

1
Q

Characterstics

Dimorphic Fungi
Septate hyphae produce conidia upon inhalation
Forms a BROAD BASED BUD
Orginate in Mississippi River Valley

A

Blastomyces Dermatitidis

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2
Q

Presentation: Blastomycosis

Pulmonary – flu like illness/lobar infiltrates
Cutaneous – painless raised warty lesions (face, upper limbs/neck)

A

Blastomyces Dermatitidis

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3
Q

Virulence Factor

blocks phagocytosis and promotes Th2 differentation to aid in colonization and replication

A

W1

of Blastomyces Dermatitidis

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4
Q

Characterstics

Dimorphic
“The Great Imitator”
septate hyphae produce arthocondidia resistant to phagocytosis
transmation through inhalation of arthocondidia from soil containing bat/rodent droppings

A

Coccidioides immitis and C posadasii

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5
Q

Virulence factor:

glycoprotein coating that serves as major antigen for T cell responses; promotes Th2 response

A

SOWgp – sherule outer wall glycoprotein

Coccidioides immitis and C posadasii

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6
Q

Virulence Factor

degrade ECM and Ig to permit colonization of spores/endospores and spherule formation in tissues

A

ECM and Ig proteinases

Coccidioides immitis and C posadasii

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7
Q

Virulence Factor

protein coating to block phagocytosis of the spores

A

Hydrophobins

Coccidioides immitis and C posadasii

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8
Q

Presentation – coccidioidomycosis

Flu Like illness can resolve (primary)
Pulmonary granulomas become more extensive and necrotic (cavitation) – secondary

A

Coccidioides immitis and C posadasii

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9
Q

Characterstics

dimorphic
yeast resides in phagolysosome by INC pH
transmission through inhalation of microcondidia from soil with chicken/bat.starling droppings
Mississippi-Ohio River Valleys

A

Histoplasma Capsulatum

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10
Q

Presentation – histoplasmosis

Acute – flu like illness/granulomas can form
Progressive – persistence leads to destruction/fibrosis of lungs
Disseminated – oropharyangeal ulcers

A

Histoplasma Capsulatum

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11
Q

production of bicarbonate and ammonia by the fungi raises phagosome pH and inactivates degradative enzymes of the phagolysosome

A

ALKALINE SUBSTANCE Production

Virulence Factor – histoplasma capsulatum

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12
Q

Presentation

Yeast has a thick cell wall with multiple buds
found in areas of Mexico
Pneumonia and granulomatous lung infection
“ship captain’s wheel”

A

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

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13
Q

Presentation

Mold makes a rose colored pigment, yeast are oval/elongated with central septum
TB like disease in patients with AIDS

A

Penicillium marneffei

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14
Q

Virulence Factor –

allows for resistance to high concentrations of antimicrobials
Yeast – inital attadhment
Hyphae = invasion of tissues – puncture phagocyte allowing fungal escape

A

Biofilms

candida albicans

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15
Q

Presentation – vulvovaginitis

vaginal itching and discharge – overgrowth due to increased pH, diabetes, antibiotic use

A

Candida Albicans

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16
Q

Presentation – chronic disease (chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis)

due to prolonged infections of the skin, oral, genital mucosa and nails that occurs in individuals deficent in T cell immunity
patients with mutations in the genes encoding IL-17 and the IL-17R receptor are predisposed to CMC

A

Canidia Albicans

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17
Q

Characterstics

produces carotenoid pigment on SDA generating pink to red colonies on SDA
Transmission from enviroment or endogenous

A

Rhodotorula spp.

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18
Q

Presentation – rhodotorulosis

Meningitis – AIDS = single largest risk factor
Fungemia – flu like illness – sepsis
Peritoneal Dialysis – cloudy dialysis fluid

A

Rhodotorula spp.

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19
Q

Virulence Factor –

narrow based budding yeast surrounded by polysaccharide capsule which suppresses T cell function
prevents ROS and RNS access to fungus

A

Capsule

crytococcus neoformans/C. Gattii

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20
Q

Virulence Factor –

lysis of host cell membranes to penetrate tissues and lysis of phagosome (enzyme)

A

Phospholipase

C. Neoformans

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21
Q

Characterstics

acute branching, septate hyphae
Highly invasive hyphae – can penetrate alveolar epithelia into bloodstream and then into other tissues

A

Aspergiullus spp.

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22
Q

Virulenece Factor –

supresses macrophage and neutrophil functions induce apoptosis

A

Gliotoxin

aspergillus

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23
Q

Virulenece Factor –

Bloacks action of ROS

A

Catalase SOD

aspergillus

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24
Q

Presentation – aspergillosis

Allergic – immune response to spore inhalation
Pulmonary– wheezing, SOB, elevated serum IgE, eosinophills
Sinsues – nasal congestion, runny nose

A

Aspergillus spp.

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25
Q

Presentation – aspergilloma

Fungus Ball
forms in paranasal sinsuses or preformed cavities secondary to old tuberculosis
asymptomatic unless pulm. hemorrhage
cough, hemoptysis, shortness of breath
Invasive – occurs in neutropenic and immunodeficent patients

A

Aspergillus

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26
Q

Characterstics

Transient flora in up to 20% of adults at any time
Diseease the result of immunosuppression
Life cycle includes both sexual/asexual components

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii

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27
Q

Presentation – PCP

upon entry an inflammatory exudate (cytokines) of mostly plasma cells occurs, oxygen exchange is reduced and difficulty breathing develops

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci

28
Q

Polyenes include what two two drugs

A

Amphotericin B (AmpB)
and Nystatin

29
Q

Mechanism of Action

Binds to ergosterol –> Forms pores/channels –> causes electrolyte leakage

A

Amphotericin B – Polyene
Nystatin

30
Q

Adverse Effects

lipid formulations (costly) bind to mammalian membranes less readily therefore they reduce drug induce renal impairment (dec toxicity)

A

Amphotericin B (AmpB)

31
Q

Mechanism of Action

flucytosine gets deaminated to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) – inhibits thymidylate synthase enzyme (inhibits DNA/RNA biosynthesis)
HUMANS DONT HAVE CYTOSINE DEAMINASE – cant covert flucytosine to 5-FU

A

Flucytosine

32
Q

Adverse Effects

reversible bone marrow suppression, GI effects

A

Flucytosine

33
Q

Mechanism of Action

inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis by inhibiting sterol 14-alpha demethylase enzyme – no phospholipid packing

A

Imidazoles and Triazoles

34
Q

Imidazoles/Triazoles

Sporanox, oral and parenteral for deep mycoses
Suppressive therapy for hisoplasmosis in HIV seropositive patients

A

Itraconazole

35
Q

Imidazole/Triazole

Diflucan, oral, parenteral
Suppressive therapy and primary treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients

A

Fluconazole

36
Q

Imidazole/Triazole

routinely used systemically
deep systemi mycoses, candidiasis in AIDS
DONT GIVE TO PREGNANT/NURSING MOTHERS

A

Ketoconazole

37
Q

Oral systemic antifungals for mucocutaneous infections

this is fungistatic, insoluble in water
MOA: inhibits mitosis during metaphase by disrupting spindle formation
binds avidly with new synsthesized keratin

A

Griseofulvin

Terbinafine = oral systemic antifungal for mucocutaneous infection

38
Q

Echinocandins

Dervived from aspergillus
MOA:** inhibits glucan synthase **which helps to make B-glucan = a component of cell wall

A

Anidulafungin

39
Q

Echinocandins

Used to treat candida infection, aspergillosis, and Pneumocystis carinii

A

Caspofungin

40
Q

these are organisms that live in or on a host organism and feed at the expense of their host

Often oppotunisitic infections

A

PARASITES

41
Q

Amoebae, flagellates, apicomplexa, and ciliophora are classified as?

A

Protozoans

42
Q

Nematodes, Cestodes and Trematodes are classified as

A

Helminths

43
Q

Mites, Lice and Ticks are classified as?

A

Arthopods

44
Q

Morphology of what group?

single celled eukaryotes
free living/parasitic in nature
cell membrane; ectoplasm/endoplasm, single/double or multiple nucleus, multiply in humans

A

Morphology of Protozoa

45
Q

active feeding and growing stage of protozoa =
resting/resistant stage of protozoa =

A

Trophozoites
Cysts

46
Q

Amoeba Protozoa

cysts ingested from contaminated food/water –> becomes trophozites in intestines
Cyst Walls = highly resistant to gastric juices
Pathogenesis –> amoebic dysentery (blood), submucosal ulcers, liver abscess

A

Entamoeba histolytica

47
Q

Flagellated Protozoa

ingestion of cysts –> trophozites in small intestines –> both are excreted in stool
Pathogenesis = trophozoties adgere to intestinal mucosa –> inflammatory damage to villi; results in fat malabsorption/diarrhea = steatorrhea

A

Giardia Lamblia

48
Q

Apicomplexa Protozoan

Cysts ingested from undercooked meat, contaminated water/food, cat litter
Cysts –> bradyzoites/tachyzoites in small intestines –>brain, liver via blood / vertical transmission (blood transfusion)
Pathogenesis: inflammatory reaction to tissue cysts –> chorioretinitis, intracerebral calcifications

A

Toxoplasma Gondii

49
Q

Ciliated Protozoan

cysts –> trophozoites
Pathogenesis: trophozoites –> large intestines –> inflammatory reaction –> mucosal ulcers/submucosal abscesses
Common in immunocompromised patients

A

Balantidium Coli

50
Q

Multicellular Worms
Covered with cuticle
requiers intermediate host

A

Helminths

51
Q

Round worms are called

A

Nematodes

52
Q

Tape worms are called

A

Cestodes

53
Q

Flukes are called

A

Trematodes

54
Q

Characterstics of a group of worms

Elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented
Pseudocele = tough cuticle + body cavity
Diecious = sexes are seperate
can reside in GI tract, blood, lymphatics/subcutaneous tissues

A

NEMATODES

55
Q

Nematode

“Pin Worm”
embryonated eggs ingested from contaminated perianal area or hands –> enter intestine form larve + adult worms in large intestines
Pathogeneis = sticky eggs deposited in perianal region –> inflammation/pruritis
* Children – autoinoculation – itch – scratch – oral
* may migrate into vagina/cervix

A

Enterobius vermicularis

56
Q

Nematode

“Whip Worm”
embryonated cysts (contaminated food/water) –> hatch into larve in intestines –> adult worm
Pathogenesis – larve causes diarrhea
Adult worm causes appendticitis/rectal prolapse

A

Trichuris trichura

57
Q

Nematode

Infection from bite of black fly – larva enters wound –> subcutaneous tissue –> painless skin nodules
Mirofilariae produced/released in blood –> eyes
Pathogenesis – allergic rxn to adult worms/microfilariae –> dermatitis, chorioretinitis (RIVER BLINDNESS)

A

Onchocerca volvulus

58
Q

Nematode

bite of Culex mosquito – transmits larvae into blood/lmyph
Pathogenesis – inflammatory rxn in lymphatics –> lymphangitis, lymphadenopathy, lymphedema
Blockage = ELEPHANTITIS

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

59
Q

Characteristics of a group of helminths

phylum Phatyhelminths
ribbon like
adult worm = 3 parts – head = SCOLEX, neck/trunk = STROBILA, most have 4 suckers, some have hooks
Embyro inside eggs = oncospheres – 3 pairs of hooks
common in GI tract

A

Cestodes = tapeworms

60
Q

Cestode

“Hydatid Cyst”
acquired by ingestion of embryonated eggs from contaminated food
Eggs from oncospheres –> penetrade intestinal wall –> tissues –> liver, lungers/heart/spleen –> tissue CYST

A

Echinococcus granulosus

61
Q

pathogenesis of cestode

hydatid cyst –> obstruction/mass efect in tissue (R liver = most common)
Hypersensitivity to cyst fluid –> anaphalyxis

A

Echinoccus granulosus

62
Q

Cestode

“pork tapeworm”
ingestion of raw pork –> cysticerci penetrates intestinal wall –> muacle
Stool: eggs/proglottids

A

taenia solium

taenia saginate = beef tapeworm (cattle)

63
Q

Characterstics of a group of helminths

unsegmented, flattened
have prominent suckers
two muscular cup shaped suckers
No body Cavity
hermaphrodites

A

Trematodes = flukes

64
Q

trematode

“Chinese Liver Fluke”
ingestion of infected freshwater fish –> larva reside in duodenum –> adult forms in bile ducts
Snail = intermediate host – eggs = cercariae –> metacercaria into fish
Pathogenesis = larvae in bile duct – inflammatory rxn. –> cirrhosis of liver, cholecystocarcinoma

A

Clonorchis sinensis

65
Q

Trematode

“Blood Fluke”
skin penetrated by freshwater cercaria – enters blood via portal circulation to liver –> bladder via venus plexus
Pathogenesis – cercarial dermtitus, katayama fever

A

Schistosoma haematobium

Microbio (4 decks)

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