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CB > 17 > Flashcards

17 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Dynamic Scaffold for structure
  2. internal framework for organelle positioning
  3. creates a network of tracks for molecular movement within the cell
  4. participates in cell division and acts as force-generating apparatus for cell motility

(strength, structure, organization)

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of Cytoskeletal Filaments?

A
  1. Intermediate Filament (IF)
  2. Microtubules
  3. Actin Filaments
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3
Q

What is the function of Intermediate filaments?

A

Provides strength and resistance to mechanical stress

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4
Q

Intermediate Filaments are found where?

A

In the Cytoplasm and Nuclear Envelope

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5
Q

What are 2 examples of Cytoskeletal Filaments?

A
  1. Keratin
  2. Lamins
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6
Q

Function of Keratin?

A

skin cells; that provide mechanical stability through desmosomes

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7
Q

Function of Lamins?

A

Nuclear Envelope support; Disassembles during cell division via phosphorylation

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8
Q

How and when do Lamins disassemble?

A

During cell division via phosphorylation

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9
Q

Describe the composition of Intermediate Filaments?

A

Rope-like structure made of a-helical proteins
made stable by non-covalent bonds

-globular head and tail regions (which vary allowing diff functions)

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10
Q

Mutation in IFs that makes skin prone to mechanical injury is known as what?

A

Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex

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11
Q

Defective Lamins that cause premature aging due to nuclear instability is known as what?

A

Progeria

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12
Q

Describe the structure of Microtubules.

A

Hollow tubes composed of Tubulin Dimers (alpha and beta tubulin)

Walls formed by 13 protofilaments

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13
Q

Describe the structural polarity, growth and shrinkage of Microtubules.

A

the plus (+) end grows
the minus (-) end shrinks

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14
Q

What are the functions of Microtubules?

A
  • Organizes cell’s interior
  • Acts as tracks for motor proteins to transport cargo
  • aids in chromosome movement and organelle positioning
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15
Q

Which type of Cytoskeletal Filament is found in Cilia and Flagella for motility?

A

Microtubules

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16
Q

The Microtubule-Organizing Center is known as what?

A

Centrosome

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17
Q

The Microtubule-Organizing Center is located where?

A

near the nucleus

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18
Q

The Centrosome is located where?

A

Near the Nucleus

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19
Q

The Centrosome is composed of what?

A

y-tubulin rings that nucleate microtubule growth

20
Q

The y-tubulin rings in Centrosomes do what?

A

Nucleate Microtubule growth

21
Q

True or False: Microtubules grow and shrink independently.

A

True

22
Q

Microtubules grow/shrink due to what?

A

GTP Hyrdrolysis

23
Q

In Microtubules, GTP-Tubulin dimers cause what to occur?

A

growth of microtubules

24
Q

In Microtubules, GDP-Tubulin dimers cause what to occur?

A

disassembly of microtubules

25
Q

In Microtubules, how does the plus end become stabilized?

A

via attachment to cellular structures which enables polarization

26
Q

Nuclear Lamina is formed by which Cytoskeletal Filament?

A

Intermediate Filament

27
Q

Nuclear Lamina, formed by IFs, support what?

A

the Nuclear Envelope

28
Q

Intermediate Filaments are disassembled and reassembled during _______ via lamins’ _________

A

Mitosis ; Phosphorylation

29
Q

The Microtubule plus end (+) undergoes _______ growth and does what?

A

Rapid; interacts with cell structures

30
Q

The Microtubule minus end (-) undergoes _______ growth and does what?

A

Slower; stays anchored to centrosomes

31
Q

Describe the process of Transport in Neurons.

A
  1. Microtubules are polarized along the Axon
  2. Motor Proteins transport cargo directionally along these tracks
32
Q

What is meant by Dynamic Instability in Microtubules?

A
  • Individual Microtubules exhibit independent growth / shrinkage cyles

Regulated by GTP-hydrolysis:
- GTP-tubulin promotes stability+ Growth
- GDP tubulin destabilizes + shrinks

33
Q

What is the Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex?

A

A genetic disorder that is caused by mutations in keratin which makes the skin prone to blistering and mechanical injury

34
Q

What is Progeria?

A

A genetic condition that is linked to defective nuclear lamins, which lead to premature aging and nuclear instability

35
Q

What is Keratin?

A

A type of IF that is found in Epithelial Cells that provides mechanical strength to tissues (like skin)

36
Q

What are Lamins?

A

IFs that form a meshwork (scaffold) that supports the nuclear envelope, disassembling and reassembling during cell division

37
Q

What is Tubulin?

A

A protein dimer that consists of a-tubulin and b-tubulin that assembles into microtubules

38
Q

What is Dynamic Instability?

A

The process by which microtubules grow and shrink

GTP-Tubulin Addition = grow

GTP Hydrolysis to GDP-Tubulin = shrink

39
Q

What is a Centrosome?

A

A microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) located near the nucleus that contains y-tubulin rings that nucleate microtubule growth

40
Q

What is GTP Hydrolysis?

A

A chemical reaction that converts GTP into GDP ; regulating the stability of Microtubules

41
Q

Which end are Tubulin Dimers added?

A

Plus (+) End

42
Q

What are Motor Proteins?

A

Proteins that move cargo along microtubules which enables intracellular transport

43
Q

What is Selective Stabilization?

A

The process by which microtubules are stabilizes by attaching their plus ends to cell structures, aiding in cell polarization

44
Q

What is Cell Polarization?

A

The asymmetric organization of cellular components,

45
Q

What is Axon Transport?

A

Movement of proteins and organelles along microtubules in a neuron which is facilitated by Motor Proteins.

CB (13 decks)

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