1660-1688 Flashcards
1
Q
What year did the Restoration of the monarchy occur in England?
A
1660
2
Q
Who was restored to the throne during the Restoration?
A
Charles II
3
Q
What was the name of the period following the English Civil War and before the Restoration?
A
The Interregnum
4
Q
True or False: The Clarendon Code was a series of laws aimed at suppressing dissenting Protestant groups.
A
True
5
Q
Fill in the blank: The _____ of 1679 aimed to limit the power of the monarchy by allowing Parliament to control succession.
A
Exclusion Bill
6
Q
Who were the main supporters of the Exclusion Bill?
A
The Whigs
7
Q
What event marked the end of the reign of James II?
A
The Glorious Revolution of 1688
8
Q
Which two leaders were invited to take the throne after James II fled?
A
William of Orange and Mary II
9
Q
True or False: The Bill of Rights 1689 established the principle of parliamentary sovereignty.
A
True
10
Q
What was the impact of the Declaration of Indulgence issued by James II in 1687?
A
It aimed to grant religious tolerance to Catholics and dissenters.
11
Q
What was the significance of the Battle of Sedgemoor in 1685?
A
It was the last battle fought on English soil.
12
Q
Who led the Monmouth Rebellion against James II?
A
James Scott, Duke of Monmouth
13
Q
Fill in the blank: The _____ Act of 1678 allowed for the trial of members of the clergy for their views.
A
Occasional Conformity
14
Q
What was the primary concern of the Tories during the late Stuart period?
A
The preservation of the monarchy and the Church of England
15
Q
True or False: The Glorious Revolution was a violent overthrow of James II.
A
False
16
Q
What did the Act of Settlement 1701 establish?
A
The succession of the Protestant House of Hanover to the English throne.
17
Q
Who was the first monarch of the House of Stuart?
A
James I
18
Q
What document established the rights of Parliament in relation to the monarchy after the Glorious Revolution?
A
The Bill of Rights 1689
19
Q
Fill in the blank: The _____ was a series of political and military events that led to the overthrow of James II.
A
Glorious Revolution
20
Q
What was the primary religious conflict during the Stuart period?
A
The conflict between Catholics and Protestants
21
Q
Who was the chief minister under Charles II known for his support of the monarchy?
A
Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon
22
Q
What was the significance of the Popish Plot?
A
It was a fabricated conspiracy that heightened anti-Catholic sentiment.
23
Q
True or False: The Act of Uniformity 1662 enforced conformity to the Church of England.
A
True
24
Q
What did the term ‘Whigs’ originally refer to?
A
Those who opposed the monarchy and supported parliamentary power.
25
What year did the Restoration of Charles II occur?
1660
26
True or False: The Navigation Acts were passed during the reign of Charles II.
True
27
Fill in the blank: The _____ Act of 1662 aimed to consolidate the authority of the Anglican Church.
Clarendon
28
What was the primary purpose of the Test Act of 1673?
To exclude Catholics and dissenters from holding public office.
29
Which act allowed for the taxation of goods imported into England?
The Navigation Act
30
What was the significance of the Treaty of Dover in 1670?
It was an alliance between England and France against the Dutch Republic.
31
True or False: The Habeas Corpus Act was enacted in 1679.
True
32
What did the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 protect against?
Arbitrary detention and imprisonment.
33
Who was the chief minister associated with the Clarendon Code?
Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon
34
What year was the Cabal Ministry formed?
1668
35
Fill in the blank: The _____ Act of 1672 required all military officers to take an oath of allegiance to the king.
Militia
36
Which treaty ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1674?
The Treaty of Westminster
37
True or False: The Act of Uniformity was passed in 1662.
True
38
What did the Act of Uniformity enforce?
The use of the Book of Common Prayer in church services.
39
What was the main focus of the Conventicle Act of 1664?
To suppress dissenting religious gatherings.
40
In what year was the Popish Plot revealed?
1678
41
What did the Bill of Rights in 1689 establish?
It established limits on the powers of the crown and set out the rights of Parliament.
42
True or False: Charles II was a proponent of absolute monarchy.
False
43
Declaration of Breda 1660
May 1660- charles issued a statement outlining what he would do when he became king, he promised to pardon those from the republic and promised to pay the army the money they were owed.
44
Act of Indemnity and Oblivion 1660
pardoned those from the republic except those who signed charles' death warrant, in total 50 people were not pardoned.
45
Militia Act 1661
confirmed the monarchy as the head of the military
46
Corporation Act 1661
removed those from offices who were not loyal to the crown and replaced them with royalists.
47
Venner's Rising 1661
rebellion led by fifth monarchist thomas venner, it reignited fear of radical groups
48
Act of Uniformity 1662
all church services had to follow a book of common prayer and all church ministers had to be appointed by bishops
49
Quaker Act 1662
all quakers were forced to swear an oath of allegiance or face a severe penalty
50
Declaration of Indulgence 1662
an attempt to suspend the act of uniformity. said all penal laws against catholic and protestant dissenters were to be suspended.
51
Triennial Act 1664
confirmed that parliament should be called every 3 years
52
Conventicle Act 1664
outlawed religious assemblies of more than five people outside the church of England
53
Five Mile Act 1665
prevented any preacher who didn't accept the restored Anglican church from coming within five miles of any town or city
54
Dunkirk sold to Louis XIV
1662- boosted the king's finances meaning he relied less on parliament
55
Hearth Tax 1662
a tax that was made to boost the king's finances but only raised £250,00, a third of what was predicted.
56
Dismissal of Clarendon 1667
clarendon was replaced as chief minister by a group of five advisers known as the cabal
57
James' conversion 1668
James announced his conversion to Catholicism
58
Treaty of Dover 1670
secret treaty between Charles and France, Charles promised the conversion to Catholicism for French subsidies, Louis also promised to support Charles financially when he dissolved parliament to have pro-French policies.
59
Third Anglo-Dutch War 1672
Charles was forced to support France against the Dutch due to the secret treaty of dover.
60
Declaration of Indulgence 1672
controversially included catholics. parliament forced charles to withdraw it in 1673 when he had to call them to raise money. it suspended the penal laws against roman catholic and protestant nonconformists
61
Test Act 1673
required all civil and military office holders to take sacrament from the anglican church. it prevented non-anglicans from holding public office
62
Popish Plot 1678-81
- a totally fictitious but widely believed catholic plot to assassinate charles II in order to bring his catholic brother, james duke of york, to the throne
- the allegations were fabricated by Titus Oates, who informed the government of the plot and eventually gained access to the privy council
63
The Popish Plot was caused by...
- james publicly declaring he's catholic
- talking and relying on the french monarchy
- declaration of indulgence
- fear of catholicism
- plague seen as catholic plot
- charles II's catholic sympathies
- married to catherine of braganza
63
Consequences of Popish Plot
- 35 men executed for treason
- leading catholic peers incriminated
- cII banished catholics from within 20 miles of London
- test act 1678: prohibited catholics from sitting in either house of commons or house of lords in parliament
64
Exclusion Bill 1679
aimed to prevent charles catholic brother, james duke of york, from inheriting the throne sparking the exclusion crisis and the rise of the whigs + tories
65
Danby's impeachment
- for shaftesbury, the popish plot provided a golden opportunity to challenge danby's power
- danby's methods included a level of bribery and corruption, funded by french subsidies
- in 1678, they sought to impeach him using evidence provided by the french ambassador
- charles attempted to save him by dissolving the cavalier parliament in january 1679, failed, because new elections produced an anti-Danby majority
65
Who were the whigs?
MPs who favoured reform at the expense of the crown
66
Exclusion Crisis 1679-81
- a bill was introduced to exclude the catholic duke of york from the throne and replace him with charles' illegitimate son, the duke of monmouth
- it was inevitable if he became king he would adopt pro-catholic policies
- for charles, the attempt to exclude his brother from his rightful inheritance was a step too far
- he wouldn't tolerate a blatant attack on hereditary divine right monarchy, and he set out to defeat it
- 1680, parliament presented another bill, which was defeated in the lords, he thus prevented whig triumph by using his powers of delay
- 35 catholics had been tried + executed
67
Charles and Louis XIV secret agreement 1675
- if parliament showed hostility to france, charles would suspend it in return for french subsidies
- when he suspended parliament in 1675, he received the first payment of £100,000
- in 1681 he was financially independent
- after yet another exclusion bill, he dissolved parliament and ordered the arrest of shaftesbury for treason
68
Exclusion crisis was caused by...
- popish plot created fear that lay close to the surface
- declaration of indulgence caused conflict and was withdrawn by a strong anglican parliament
- the popish plot was a golden opportunity to challenge danby
- introduce a bill to exclude james from inheriting the throne + replace him with protestant duke of monmouth
- if charles died, his catholic brother would be on the throne
69
Rye House Plot 1683
this was an alleged whig conspiracy to assassinate charles II because of his pro-roman catholic policies
70
Rye House Plot 1683 was caused by...
- although acquitted, shaftesbury faced new challenges and went into exile, where he died
- monmouth was an illegitimate child who could replace charles
- some within the political nation still sought an alternative to james succeeding charles
71
Rye House Plot consequences
- provided necessary means to destroy the remaining whig leaders
- discredited the whigs and sparked royalist backlash
- conspirators arrested and used the plot to destroy whig leaders
- royalist backlash: cII did not recall parliament for the rest of his reign
72
Similarities of Exclusion crisis and the crisis of 1640/1
- fear of catholicism and absolutism
- cI and Laud's arminianism were seen to be pro-catholic
- CII pro french polices, j duke of york conversion, CII declaration of indulgence, catholic influence at court
- king's advisors blamed: danby was blamed and laud + strafford were blamed
- foreign policies failures: cI at war with spain + france failed miserably and was costly, cII was at war with anglo-dutch
73
What power was the cavalier parliament reluctant to give up?
- the king still had to ask parliament for income, all other ways of gaining income was barred to the king
- the king's courts, which allowed charles I to rule alone, were not reinstated
74
Fear of republicanism resulted in..
parliament passing a law against large crowds accompanying petitions, as these had been used in the recent past to influence the houses of parliament
75
Cavalier Parliament
the cavalier parliament had much more royalist influence and was far more favourable to the king and sought to strengthen his position.
- militia act 1661
- king had right to choose his own advisors
- the king was granted an annual income of £1.2 million
- corporation act 1661: removed those not loyal to the crown replacing them with royalists
76
Persecution of dissenters
- charles II finally abandoned his attempts at religious toleration
- he gave his full support of the persecution if catholic and protestant dissenters
- the judiciary was mobilised to crush whig opposition
a number of leading whigs were executed, including Algernon Sidney and William Lord Russell in 1683 for the involvement of the rye house plot
- Shaftesbury himself was arrested on a charge of treason in 1681
- james inherited a stronger + more secure monarchy
77
succession of james II
- succeeded to the throne in feb 1685 with virtually no opposition
- he made it clear he would respect the anglican church
- his first parliament in may 1685 was dominated with tories and anglicans
- called for the enforcement of penal codes/laws against catholics and declared its support for the established church of england
78
Monmouth Rebellion 1685
- june 1685 monmouth landed with a small force
- he wanted to march through the west country gathering a local following large enough to trigger a general rebellion
- the rebellion failed to gain support and soon the king's army was closing in on monmouth's forces
- monmouth decided on a surprise attack, but the element of surprise in the battle of sedgemoor was lost when his troops attempter to cross the water filled ditch, and in the ensuing fight his forces were easily defeated
- monmouth was taken prisoner and beheaded
79
The 'Bloody Assize' of Lord Chief Justice Jeffries
- in village after village hundreds of people were condemned on minimal evidence and hanged, drawn or quartered
- the victims of jeffries' vengeance were mostly low born men + women
- in order to convict people who weren't caught, the authorities held out the prospect of pardon to those who confessed, who were then summarily executed for treason
- the west country trials as evidence of the absolutism of james II
- the persecution in the west country followed the failure of monmouth's rebellion
80
Rebellions during James' II reign
- james had two rebellions in the first year of his reign
- the dutch origins of the rebellions made james II suspicious of the dutch
- the king enrolled a larger standing army, against tradition to keep one in peacetime. fears of absolutism resurfaced
- parliament voted the king more funds
81
Promotion of Catholicism
- james wanted to make catholics in england equal to protestants
- james sent a letter to scotland requesting the continued to persecution of presbyterians
- james' first clash with parliament was his attempts to increase the number of catholic army officers
- in 1686, he attempted to persuade parliament to suspend the penal laws and abolish the test acts
- in 1686, he also created the commission for ecclesiastical causes, a court designed to reduce the control and influence of the anglican church
- james issued the declaration of indulgence in 1687, which removed the penal laws and test acts
- the declaration seemed to permit all forms of religious worship
- the king had the power to overrule law passed by parliament
82
dissolution of parliament + second declaration of indulgence
- he dissolved parliament in late 1687
- in 1688, he issued another declaration of indulgence, this one granted full religious freedom to all
- ordered it to be read out in church but 7 bishops refused
83
revolution
- william responded to the invitation by raising an army and landing in england in 1688
- less people joined james than william and so, believing that he had little support james retreated and then fled to france with his family
- he threw his royal seal into the Thames and left the throne vacant
84
Financial Settlement
- james' one and only parliament met on 15th may 1685
- he was granted £1.5 million annually with an additional £400,000 a year for 8 years
- james reminded parliament of the imminent threat of monmouth + was given further grants for the army + navy
- the king was granted tonnage and poundage for life, worth approximately £800,000 per year
- dunkirk was sold to the king of france for £400,000
- feudal tenures were abolished
- hearth tax was introduced in 1662
- parliament expected the king to raise a further £100,000 per year
-the financial settlement left the crown with a deficit of £120,000 a year short of the estimated costs of government
- crown needed a fixed income of £1.2 million
85
Battle of Sedgemoor
- on 5th july, monmouth set out to mount a night attack on the royalist encamped on sedgemoor. the attempt may have succeeded as the royalist commander, was notoriously ill-disciplined. however, monmouth's deputy either disobeyed or misinterpreted his orders and attacked the wrong side. this resulted in his cavalry struggling through a muddy ditch and his cannon were captured in the early morning of 6th july. monmouth fled the battlefield, only to be captured shortly afterwards in disguise while sleeping in a ditch
86
Religious Settlement: Church of England restored
- church lands sold during the civil wars without compensation
- episcopal government of the church restored: bishops returned to their dioceses
- book of common prayer restored
- act of uniformity 1662: all clergy not ordained by a bishop to surrender their benefices
- charles proposed a settlement in which presbyterian councils limited the power of bishops, however the cavalier parliament rejected these proposals
87
Religious Settlement: Clarendon Code
- the corporation act excluded members of religious sects from public office. Members of town corporations had to take holy communion according to the rites of the church of england, renounce the solemn league and covenant and swear loyalty to the king
- other acts imposed penalties for attending non-anglican services, imposed press censorship and prevented dissenter clergymen from coming into contact with schools
- declaration of breda made a vague promise that there would be 'liberty to tender consciences.'
-the declaration raised the hopes of radicals + moderates that the new king would adopt a policy of broad toleration
- the Presbyterians hopes were dashed by the religious settlement enacted by the cavalier parliament, which was punitive and intolerant
88
what policies did danby stand for?
in favour of a rigid church of england with no toleration and an anti-french pro-dutch foreign policy
89
what did danby do in 1675?
made use of patronage for royalist 'court' groupings, had 30 MPs receive substantial crown pensions would send MPs personalised letters to help them support the crown
90
how did MPs react to danby?
saw him as trying to impose absolutism/catholicism via political management, buckingham + shaftesbury exploited this concern
91
what happened at the nov 1675 parliament?
parliament only voted £300k for the navy and an added clause appropriating all customs revenues for support of the navy rather than for crown expenses
92
election of convention parliament 1660
decided government of the country should be kings, lords and commons
93
factors leading to clarendon's downfall
- disapproved of charles II's mistresses
- clarendon's failure to manage parliament effectively
- clarendon's personality seemed arrogant and self-righteous
- jealousy of clarendon's position: though not as bad as the duke of buckingham in the 1620's, clarendon's hold on power was blocking the advancement of ambitious younger courtiers more in sympathy with the king's youth and behaviour
94
settlement of property
- royal and church land sold parliament to be reinstated without compensation
- royalists who had sold land to pay decimation taxes or fines or to raise forces for the king had little chance of receiving compensation -> loyal so don't need to repay them
- the land settlement of the restoration appeared to punish the most loyal + to reward those who had appeared to reward the ones who had compromised their beliefs to reach an accommodation with cromwell's government
95
general amnesty for participation in the civil wars
- the act of indemnity and oblivion took up charles' offer of a free and general pardon for his opponents in the civil wars
- all acts of hostility between the king and his enemies between 1637-1660 to be erased from the public memory
- parliament excluded the regicides from his amnesty- those men who had either signed charles I's death warrant
- approximately ten regicides were hanged, drawn + quartered
