1653-60

Question 1

Who wrote the Instrument of Government?

Answer 1

John Lambert

Question 2

Who controlled the Militia under the Instrument of Government?

Answer 2

The Protector and Parliament jointly

Question 3

How did the Instrument of Government check Parliament’s power?

Answer 3

A powerful Council of State and Lord Protector

Question 4

What were ‘ordinances’?

Answer 4

Laws that Cromwell could pass when Parliament was not in session.

Question 5

What were Cromwell’s aims in government?

Answer 5

‘Healing and settling’, and religious/social reformation

Question 6

When did the 1st Protectorate Parliament sit?

Answer 6

September 1654 - January 1655

Question 7

How did Cromwell respond to accusations in the 1st Protectorate Parliament that he was too powerful?

Answer 7

Made MPs swear an oath to the ‘fundamentals’ of the constitution: 100 MPs refused on principle and withdrew from Parliament.

Question 8

Who was John Biddle?

Answer 8

A unitarian who published a controversial book in 1654.

Question 9

How did Cromwell respond to Parliamentary attacks on Biddle?

Answer 9

Dissolved Parliament and exiled Biddle.

Question 10

What was the Western Design?

Answer 10

The (failed) attempt to take Hispaniola in 1655: Jamaica was taken instead.

Question 11

What was Penruddock’s rising?

Answer 11

A royalist rising of March 1655

Question 12

When were the Major-Generals introduced?

Answer 12

Autumn 1655

Question 13

What was the Decimation Tax?

Answer 13

A 10% income tax on Royalists from 1655-7

Question 14

Why did the Political Nation feel threatened by the Major-Generals?

Answer 14

Gentry and local governors lost some control over local governance.

Question 15

What were the main tasks of the Major Generals?

Answer 15

Suppress rebellion, impose godly reformation

Question 16

When was the Second Protectorate Parliament called?

Answer 16

September 1656

Question 17

What was the Militia Bill?

Answer 17

Proposed legal enforcement of the Decimation Tax: Cromwell opposed it and it failed, effecgtively ending the rule of Major Generals.

Question 18

When was Cromwell offered the Crown?

Answer 18

February 1657

Question 19

What was Cromwell’s reponse to the Humble Petition and Advice?

Answer 19

Accepted nearly all of it except the Crown in May 1657.

Question 20

When did Cromwell die?

Answer 20

3 September 1658

Question 21

When did the Third Protectorate Parliament meet?

Answer 21

January 1659

Question 22

Who opposed Richard Cromwell?

Answer 22

Republicans who were against royalist succession, and the army who opposed a civilian leader.

Question 23

When did the army force Richard to end the Protectorate?

Answer 23

May 1659

Question 24

What replaced the Protectorate?

Answer 24

The recall of the Rump Parliament

Question 25

When was Booth’s Rising?

Answer 25

August 1659

Question 26

What was declared at the Irish Convention of December 1659?

Answer 26

Support for Charles Stuart and Restoration

Question 27

Who opposed Lambert’s Humble Petition and Address of the Officers?

Answer 27

Haselrig (and much of the Rump)

Question 28

What religious group began to dominate Lambert’s troops in 1659?

Answer 28

Quakers

Question 29

When did Lambert remove the Rump?

Answer 29

October 1659

Question 30

When did other army regiments reinstall the Rump?

Answer 30

December 1659

Question 31

Which army leader recalled the MPs purged in 1648?

Answer 31

George Monck

Question 32

What was the recalled Long Parliament’s first act?

Answer 32

Dissolved itself in March 1660 and called free elections.

Question 33

What was the Declaration of Breda?

Answer 33

Charles II’s April 1660 outline for a Restoration settlement.

Question 34

When did the Convention Parliament meet?

Answer 34

April 1660

Question 35

When did Charles II enter London?

Answer 35

29 May 1660