1653-60 Flashcards
Who wrote the Instrument of Government?
John Lambert
Who controlled the Militia under the Instrument of Government?
The Protector and Parliament jointly
How did the Instrument of Government check Parliament’s power?
A powerful Council of State and Lord Protector
What were ‘ordinances’?
Laws that Cromwell could pass when Parliament was not in session.
What were Cromwell’s aims in government?
‘Healing and settling’, and religious/social reformation
When did the 1st Protectorate Parliament sit?
September 1654 - January 1655
How did Cromwell respond to accusations in the 1st Protectorate Parliament that he was too powerful?
Made MPs swear an oath to the ‘fundamentals’ of the constitution: 100 MPs refused on principle and withdrew from Parliament.
Who was John Biddle?
A unitarian who published a controversial book in 1654.
How did Cromwell respond to Parliamentary attacks on Biddle?
Dissolved Parliament and exiled Biddle.
What was the Western Design?
The (failed) attempt to take Hispaniola in 1655: Jamaica was taken instead.
What was Penruddock’s rising?
A royalist rising of March 1655
When were the Major-Generals introduced?
Autumn 1655
What was the Decimation Tax?
A 10% income tax on Royalists from 1655-7
Why did the Political Nation feel threatened by the Major-Generals?
Gentry and local governors lost some control over local governance.
What were the main tasks of the Major Generals?
Suppress rebellion, impose godly reformation
When was the Second Protectorate Parliament called?
September 1656
What was the Militia Bill?
Proposed legal enforcement of the Decimation Tax: Cromwell opposed it and it failed, effecgtively ending the rule of Major Generals.
When was Cromwell offered the Crown?
February 1657
What was Cromwell’s reponse to the Humble Petition and Advice?
Accepted nearly all of it except the Crown in May 1657.
When did Cromwell die?
3 September 1658
When did the Third Protectorate Parliament meet?
January 1659
Who opposed Richard Cromwell?
Republicans who were against royalist succession, and the army who opposed a civilian leader.
When did the army force Richard to end the Protectorate?
May 1659
What replaced the Protectorate?
The recall of the Rump Parliament
When was Booth’s Rising?
August 1659
What was declared at the Irish Convention of December 1659?
Support for Charles Stuart and Restoration
Who opposed Lambert’s Humble Petition and Address of the Officers?
Haselrig (and much of the Rump)
What religious group began to dominate Lambert’s troops in 1659?
Quakers
When did Lambert remove the Rump?
October 1659
When did other army regiments reinstall the Rump?
December 1659
Which army leader recalled the MPs purged in 1648?
George Monck
What was the recalled Long Parliament’s first act?
Dissolved itself in March 1660 and called free elections.
What was the Declaration of Breda?
Charles II’s April 1660 outline for a Restoration settlement.
When did the Convention Parliament meet?
April 1660
When did Charles II enter London?
29 May 1660
