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1 Biological Molecules > 1.6.4 Inorganic Ions > Flashcards

1.6.4 Inorganic Ions Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

An ion is

A

an atom (or sometimes a group of atoms) that has an electrical charge

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2
Q

An ion that has a +ve charge is known as

A

a cation

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3
Q

An ion that has a -ve charge is known as

A

anion

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4
Q

An inorganic ion is an ion that does not contain

A

carbon

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5
Q

Inorganic ions occur in solution in

A

the cytoplasm and body fluids of organisms

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6
Q

The concentration of certain ions can fluctuate and can be used in

A

cell signalling and neuronal transmission

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7
Q

You should know the following inorganic ions, as well as their properties and roles in the body:

A
  • hydrogen ions (H+)
  • iron ions (Fe2+/Fe3+)
  • sodium ions (Na+)
  • phosphate ions (PO43-)
  • calcium ions (Ca2+)
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8
Q

Hydrogen ions are

A

protons

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9
Q

The concentration of H+ in a solution determines

A

the pH

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10
Q

There is an inverse relationship between

A

the pH value and the hydrogen ion concentration

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11
Q

The more H+ ions present, the

A

lower the pH (the more acidic the solution)

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12
Q

The fewer H+ ions present, the

A

higher the pH (the more alkaline the solution)

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13
Q

The concentration of H+ is therefore very important for

A

enzyme-controlled reactions, which are all affected by pH

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14
Q

The fluids in the body normally have a pH value of approximately

A

7.4

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15
Q

The maintenance of this normal pH is essential for many of

A

the metabolic processes that take place within cells

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16
Q

Changes in pH can affect

A

enzyme structure

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17
Q

For example, abnormal levels of hydrogen ions can interact with

A

the side-chains of amino acids

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18
Q

For example, abnormal levels of hydrogen ions can interact with the side-chains of amino acids and change

A

the secondary and tertiary structures of the proteins that make up enzymes

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19
Q

Changes in pH can affect enzyme structure, for example, abnormal levels of hydrogen ions can

A

interact with the side-chains of amino acids and change the secondary and tertiary structures of the proteins that make up enzymes

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20
Q

This can cause

A

denaturation of enzymes

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21
Q

There are two versions of iron ions known as

A

oxidation states

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22
Q

Iron (II) ions, also known as

A

ferrous ions (Fe2+)

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23
Q

Iron (III) ions, also known as

A

ferric ions (Fe3+)

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24
Q

Iron ions are essential as they can

A

bind oxygen

25
Q

Haemoglobin is the large protein in red blood cells that is responsible for

A

transporting oxygen around the body

26
Q

Haemoglobin is made up of

A

four polypeptide chains that each contain one Fe2+

27
Q

This Fe2+ is a key component in haemoglobin as it

A

binds to oxygen

28
Q

Myoglobin in muscles functions in a similar way (it is an oxygen-binding protein) but is only made up of

A

one polypeptide chain (containing one Fe2+)

29
Q

Iron ions are also essential as they are involved in

A

the transfer of electrons during respiration and photosynthesis

30
Q

Iron ions are an essential component of

A

cytochromes (that are themselves a component of electron transport chains)

31
Q

Cytochrome c contains an iron ion that is essential to its function, during the electron transport process, this iron ion switches between

A

the Fe3+ and Fe2+ oxidation states

32
Q

During the electron transport process, this iron ion switches between the Fe3+ and Fe2+ oxidation states, which allows

A

for electrons to be accepted and donated

33
Q

Na+ is required for

A

the transport of glucose and amino acids across cell-surface membranes (e.g. in the small intestine)

34
Q

Glucose and amino acid molecules can only enter cells (through carrier proteins) alongside

A

Na+

35
Q

Glucose and amino acid molecules can only enter cells (through carrier proteins) alongside Na+, this process is known as

A

co-transport

36
Q

Co-transport: first

A

Na+ is actively transported out of the epithelial cells that line the villi

37
Q

Co-transport: then

A

the Na+ concentration inside the epithelial cells is now lower than the Na+ concentration in the lumen of the small intestine

38
Q

Co-transport: finally

A

Na+ now re-enters the cells (moving down the concentration gradient) through co-transport proteins on the surface membrane of the epithelial cells, allowing glucose and amino acids to enter at the same time

39
Q

Co-transport process

A
  • first, Na+ is actively transported out of the epithelial cells that line the villi
  • the Na+ concentration inside the epithelial cells is now lower than the Na+ concentration in the lumen of the small intestine
  • Na+ now re-enters the cells (moving down the concentration gradient) through co-transport proteins on the surface membrane of the epithelial cells, allowing glucose and amino acids to enter at the same time
40
Q

Na+ is also required for

A

the transmission of nerve impulses

41
Q

PO43- attaches to other molecules to form

A

phosphate groups

42
Q

PO43- attaches to other molecules to form phosphate groups, which are an essential component of

A

DNA, RNA and ATP

43
Q

In DNA and RNA, the phosphate groups allow

A

individual nucleotides to join up (to form polynucleotides)

44
Q

In ATP, the bonds between phosphate groups

A

store energy

45
Q

In ATP, the bonds between phosphate groups store energy, these phosphate groups can be easily

A

attached or detached

46
Q

When the bonds between phosphate groups are broken

A

they release a large amount of energy, which can be used for cellular processes

47
Q

Phosphates are also found in

A

phospholipids

48
Q

Phosphates are also found in phospholipids, which are key components of

A

the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes

49
Q

Ca2+ is essential in

A

the movement of organisms

50
Q

In synapses, calcium ions regulate

A

the transmission of impulses from neurone to neurone

51
Q

Ca2+ also stimulates

A

muscle contraction

52
Q

Ca2+ also stimulates muscle contraction, when an impulse reaches a muscle fibre

A

Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

53
Q

When an impulse reaches a muscle fibre, Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, this Ca2+ binds to

A

troponin C, removing the tropomyosin from myosin-binding sites on actin

54
Q

When an impulse reaches a muscle fibre, Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, this Ca2+ binds to troponin C, removing the tropomyosin from myosin-binding sites on actin, this allows

A

actin-myosin cross-bridges to form when the muscle fibre contracts

55
Q

Muscle contraction process

A
  • when an impulse reaches a muscle fibre, Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • this Ca2+ binds to troponin C, removing the tropomyosin from myosin-binding sites on actin
  • this allows actin-myosin cross-bridges to form when the muscle fibre contracts
56
Q

Ca2+ can also help to regulate

A

protein channels,

57
Q

Ca2+ can also help to regulate protein channels, which affects

A

the permeability of cell membranes

58
Q

Many enzymes are activated by

A

Ca2+, making these ions key regulators in many biological reactions

59
Q

The presence of Ca2+ is also necessary for the formation of

A

blood clots (it is known as a clotting factor)

1 Biological Molecules (11 decks)

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