1629-1640

Question 1

Historiography of the Personal Rule

Answer 1

> Whig - Gardiner - Eleven Years Tyranny
Revisionist - Sharpe - some creative reform

Question 2

Privy Council during Personal Rule

Answer 2

> Became more important within gov
Key members - Laud, Weston & Windebank

Question 3

Court of Star Chamber

Answer 3

> Enforced Charles’ rule
Made up of Privy Councillors chosen by Charles
Held in private
Defendants could be imprisoned but not executed

Question 4

Court of High Commission

Answer 4

> Used to enforce conformity within the church
Used by Laud
Sentenced by Star Chamber

Question 5

Book of Orders

Answer 5

> 1631
Listed actions and roles to be taken by JPs & Sheriffs
- Gentry resented central interference, cost and time involved
+ Charles tried to improve efficiency of local gov

Question 6

Court

Answer 6

> Formal and remote
Masques and “Catholic” art
Catholic/Arminian e.g. Papal agents George Con & George Panzani
Court vs country
“Conspiracy mentality”

Question 7

Cut Expenditure

Answer 7

> Peace with France - 1629 Treaty of Suza
Peace with Spain - 1630 Treaty of Madrid
Weston cut court costs

Question 8

Ship Money

Answer 8

> 1634 levied in coastal areas
1635 levied countrywide
Charles claimed necessary as a national emergency
Created discontent but 34-38 90% collected
Opposition e.g. Hampden

Question 9

Tonnage & Poundage

Answer 9

> Continued to collect without parliamentary approval
1631-5 £270,000pa collected
1635 new Book of Rates issued - raised amount paid - late 1630s £425,000pa

Question 10

Use of Extra Parliamentary, Old Taxes

Answer 10

> Distraint of Knighthood, £175,000 raised by 1635
Monopolies e.g. Soap - Popish Soap £33,000
Forest fines - £38,667
Created discontent

Question 11

Laudianism

Answer 11

> Description of policies of Archbishop Laud
Anti-predestination
Emphasis on ritual and ceremony rather than preaching & the bible
Created opposition from the largely Calvinist population

Question 12

Laudian Changes

Answer 12

> Communion table moved & railed off
Ceremony
Use of music
Vestments
Removal of gentry pews
Ban of Feoffes of Impropriations
1640s Convocation published Canons stating measures including et cetera oath

Question 13

Book of Sports

Answer 13

> Reissued in 1633
Listed activities which could be carried out on Sunday e.g. Morris dancing
Puritans saw this as an attack on Sabbatarianism

Question 14

Wentworth (Strafford)

Answer 14

> Initially a critic of Charles’ policies e.g. arrested for not paying Forced Loan in 1627
Idea of “Thorough” in Ireland - increase royal authority and impose uniformity

Question 15

Financial Policy in Ireland

Answer 15

> Aim - allow crown to profit from Ireland
New Book of Rates - 1633-40 income doubled to £80,000pa
Fine levied on City of London for lack of development on land owned there - £70,000
1634 Irish Parliament granted 6 subsidies (£120,000) in return for grievances addressed (didn’t happen)
Plantations extended
Crown’s right to disputed land established
Fines on New English e.g. Richard Boyle fined £15,000

Question 16

Religious Policy in Ireland

Answer 16

> Imposition of Laudianism
Caused problems in the complexity of Irish religion
John Bramhall appointed Bishop of Londonderry in 1634
1634 Irish Convocation adopted 39 articles

Question 17

Political Policy in Ireland

Answer 17

> Impose authority of crown on Ireland
Wentworth manipulated Parliament - subsidies were agreed but grievances e.g. Graces not addressed
Attacks on New English elite e.g. Lord Mountnorris accused of Treason

Question 18

Scotland - Act of Revocation

Answer 18

> 1625
Land taken from Scottish nobility
Historical precedent but used by Charles on a much wider scale
United opposition from Scottish nobility
Led to 1627 Committee for Surrenders

Question 19

Government of Scotland

Answer 19

> Charles - absentee king - didn’t visit until 1633
Anglo-centric
9 member of Scottish Privy Council - English
Main advisors - Menteith, Lennox & Hamilton seen as pro-English

Question 20

Religious Policy in Scotland

Answer 20

> Aim - enforce Laudian conformity and strengthen the church including financially and role of Bishops
Scotland largely Presbyterian
“Catholic” coronation 1633
Canons 1633 - altar moved, surplice to be worn and no improvised prayer
Canons imposed by Royal Prerogative
1637 Laudian Prayer book - seen as Catholic

Question 21

The Hampden Case

Answer 21

> 1637
Charles took Hampden to court for non-payment of Ship Money
12 judges found 7 to 5 in Charles’ favour
Made it difficult to collect Ship Money for a while

Question 22

Prynne, Bastwick & Burton

Answer 22

> 1637 brought before Star Chamber
Criticised Laud’s policies
Fined £5000, imprisoned for life, publicly ears cropped
Outcry due to their professional status
Their punishment got more publicity than their pamphlet

Question 23

Parishioners at St Gregory’s Church

Answer 23

> 1633
Opposed moving of Communion Table
Brought before Privy Council

Question 24

John Lilburne

Answer 24

> 1638
Printed unlicensed literature criticising Laud’s policies
Brought before Star Chamber
Fined, whipped, pilloried and imprisonment
Continues to write

Question 25

Opposition to Religious Changes

Answer 25

> 1634, Charles’ Chief Justice dismissed because Laud feared he might oppose changes in court
1637, Bishop John Williams imprisoned criticised altar policy in “The Holy Table, Name and Thing”

Question 26

Great Migration

Answer 26

> Emigration to New England
1629-40, 60,000 people
Not all for religious reasons
Many ordained ministers went
Companies set up to organise migration e.g. Providence Island Company
Opponents often involved in these companies e.g. Pym, Saye and Sele
Seen as networks for opposition

Question 27

Private Diaries

Answer 27

> 1970s Historians researched private diaries e.g. Alan Everitt looked at diaries in Kent
Evidence of private opposition to Charles’ policies

Question 28

Opposition in Scotland

Answer 28

> 1630 Alexander Leighton fined £10,000 by Star Chamber for criticising Bishops
1634 petition against religious changes
1637 riot against Prayer Book in St Giles Cathedral
1638 National Covenant
Bishops’ War