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Biology > 16 Reproductive System > Flashcards

16 Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

How many chromosomes?

How many types in pairs within a nucleus?

A

46 chromosomes

23 types in pairs

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2
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

What are diploid

A

2N

Cells with pairs of chromosomes

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3
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

What are GAMETES?

A

Gametes (egg and sperm) have only 23 chromosomes (1 type each and not paired) in their nucleus

haploid “N”

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4
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

What happens during fertilization?

A

During fertilization, N sperm and N egg combine to form a 2N zygote, restoring the chromosome number to 46 (or 23 types in pairs)

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5
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

What is mitosis?

A
  • duplication division in which a cell makes an exact copy of itself, with a total of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) are reproduced
  • used for growth and repair of tissues by body cells
  • NOT FOR SEX
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6
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

What is meiosis?

A
  • reduction division in which a cell reproduces itself BUT halves its number of chromosomes (to one of each pair). Cells are NOT EXACT COPIES of parent cell. All are genetically different.
  • used to form the sex cells - egg and sperm
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7
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Scrotum

A

sac that holds testes

helps regulate their temperature

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8
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Testes

A

paired organs that produce sperm and male sex hormones

composed of seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced, and interstitial cells which produce sex hormones

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9
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Epididymis

A

near testes, sperm mature and are stored here

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10
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Sperm Anatomy

A
  1. Head - end covered by an acrosome cap which stores enzyme needed to penetrate the egg
  2. Middle area: contains mitochondria to make ATP to move tail (swim)
  3. Tail: flagella provides movement for sperm
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11
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Vas Deferens

A

transports sperm from testes to urethra

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12
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Urethra

A

transports sperm out of the body (same path as urine from bladder, but never simultaneously)

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13
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

3 Glands that contribute to semen

A
  1. seminal vesicle - produce sugary (fructose) fluid that provides energy for the sperm
  2. prostate gland - produces an alkaline fluid to buffer the acidic pH in the vagina
  3. bulbourethral glands - produce mucus that acts as a lubricant in the urethra
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14
Q

Physiology of an Erection

A
  1. Autonomic nerves cause release Nitric Oxide (NO) 2. NO stimulates production of cGMP (a messenger) 3. cGMP causes smooth muscles of arterioles to relax 4. Penile erectile tissue fills with arterial blood
  2. This compresses draining veins, causing erection 6. Sphincter (muscular valve) in urethra shuts off bladder

Erectile dysfunction (impotence): When erectile tissue does not compress the draining veins enough to maintain the erection.

Medications that increase erection decrease the enzyme that breaks down cGMP – causing more arteriolar relaxation - increases blood flow to penis

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15
Q

Hormonal Regulation in Males

A
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) – secreted by the hypothalamus controls release of FSH and LH from the Anterior Pituitary
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – promotes the production of sperm at testis
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH) – controls the production of testosterone by testis interstitial cells
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16
Q

Female Anatomy: External

A
  • Labia major – 2 large folds of fatty skin
  • Labia minor – 2 small folds just inside the labia major that surround the opening to the urethra and vagina
  • Mons pubis – fatty skin covered in coarse hair
  • Clitoris – female erectile organ and site of intense sexual sensation. It arises during embryological development from exactly the same tissues as the male penis.
17
Q

Female Anatomy: Genital Tract

A
  • Ovaries – produce eggs and sex hormones
  • Oviducts – (fallopian tubes) transport eggs from ovaries to uterus. Oviduct is the normal site of egg fertilization
  • Uterus – normal site of fertilized egg implantation and fetal development
  • Cervix – opening of uterus into vagina that dilates (opens) during childbirth
  • Vagina – birth canal and the copulatory organ of the female
18
Q

The Ovarian Cycle

A
  • Each ovary contains many follicles, each containing one immature egg (primary oocyte)
  • At puberty, a female has 300,000 - 400,000 follicles
  • During a female’s lifetime, only about 400 follicles mature, rupture, and release a mature secondary oocyte (egg). One follicle ruptures and releases one egg once every 28 days. This is ovulation.
  • Ovulation continues from puberty until menopause (the end of ovarian and uterine cycles – when ovaries no longer respond to FSH from anterior pituitary).
19
Q

The Ovarian Cycle: The Female Hormones

A

The formation and release of an egg from an ovary. Is
controlled by Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone from the hypothalamus, which causes FSH and LH to be released from the anterior pituitary

  • Follicular phase:
  • FSH promotes the development of a follicle, which
    secretes estrogen
  • A sudden increase in estrogen leads to a surge in LH, and ovary releases an egg (ovulation) ~ day 14 in the 28- day cycle
  • Luteal phase:
  • LH promotes the development of the corpus luteum from
    the old follicle, which secretes progesterone
  • When pregnancy does not occur, menstruation begins
20
Q

The Uterine Cycle

A
  • A 28-day cycle in the uterus:
  • Days 1- 5: low levels of estrogen and progesterone cause the inner uterine lining (endometrium) to disintegrate and bleed: this is menstruation
  • Days 6 -13 (proliferative phase): FSH increases estrogen output from ovary, which in turn causes endometrium to thicken - prepares uterus for a fertilized ova (egg) to implant and grow
  • Day 14: ovulation usually occurs (ovary releases egg)
  • Days 15-28 (secretory phase): LH increases output of progesterone from corpus luteum, which causes endometrium of uterus to triple in thickness to nourish the developing embryo. If the egg is not fertilized (no embryo), the corpus luteum in ovary regresses, progesterone falls, and the endometrium in uterus breaks down and sloughs (menstruation)
21
Q

Fetilization

A

• Fertilization – union of a sperm and egg normally occurs in the oviduct (fallopian tube) to form a zygote. After one sperm penetrates the egg, a cortical reaction changes the egg plasma membrane, preventing other sperm from getting inside.

22
Q

Pregnancy

A

Pregnancy – begins with implantation of fertilized egg (normally in uterus), usually 6 days after fertilization

23
Q

HIV and AIDS

A

HIV causes AIDS, the last stage of an HIV infection, in which the helper T cell count is low and the immune system is compromised, leading to many “opportunistic” infections

• No cure, but there is a treatment called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) that can limit HIV reproduction

24
Q

Genital Warts

A
  • Caused by Human Papilloma Virus
  • Transmitted through skin to skin contact
  • Can be transmitted without having symptoms
  • Most people do not have symptoms. For the few that do, most have warts and flat lesions, usually on the penis or opening to the vagina.
  • Associated with cervical cancer (up to 90% of cases)
  • HPV most often found through regular pap smear screenings in women
  • Can be transmitted to a baby during birth
  • New vaccine against HPV helps prevent cervical cancer
25
Q

Herpes

A

• Caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV)
– Type 1 is usually found above the waist
– Type 2 is usually found below the waist (genital herpes)
• Transmitted through skin to skin contact and secretions
• Can be transmitted when there are no symptoms
• Usually have painful ulcers periodically in the same
place(s) each time
• Outbreaks occur when the virus is reactivated by stress, sunlight, fever, lack of sleep etc…
• No cure, but there are drugs that can keep outbreaks to a minimum or stop them entirely
• Can cause problems in a fetus during birth

Biology (10 decks)

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