16- Organic Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Alkene to alkane

A
  • H2
  • Nickel Catalyst
    “Hydrogenation”
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2
Q

Alkane to haloalkane

A
  • Halogen
  • UV rays
    “Radical substitution”
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3
Q

Alkene to Haloalkane

A
  • HX (hydrogen halide)
  • 20 degrees
    “Electrophilic addition”
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4
Q

Alkene to Alcohol

A
  • steam = H2O (g)
  • conc H3PO4 catalyst
    “Hydration of alkene”
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5
Q

Alcohol to alkene

A
  • conc H2SO4 (or H3PO4)
  • heat
    “Dehydration of alcohols”
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6
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol

A
  • NaOH (aq)
  • H2O
  • Reflux
    “Nucleophilic substitution”
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7
Q

Alcohol to Haloalkane

A
  • NaX (sodium halide)
  • H2SO4
  • 20 degrees
    “Substitution reaction of alcohols”
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8
Q

Primary alcohol to aldehyde

A
  • heat & distil
  • K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4
    “Oxidation of alcohols”
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9
Q

Primary alcohol to carboxylic acid

A
  • heat under reflux
  • K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4
    “Oxidation”
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10
Q

Secondary alcohol to ketone

A
  • heat under reflux
  • K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4
    “Oxidation”
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11
Q

Haloalkane to nitrile

A

NaCN or KCN in ethanol
Reflux

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12
Q

Nitrile to Amine

A

H2 / Ni catalyst

Reduction

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13
Q

Haloalkane to amine

A

NH3 in ethanol

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14
Q

Aldehyde/ ketone to hydroxynitrile

A

NaCN / H+

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15
Q

Primary alcohol to ester

A

-COOH (carboxylic acid) and H2SO4

Esterification

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16
Q

Carboxylic acid to ester

A

Alcohol and H2SO4

17
Q

Ester to carboxylic acid

A

Dilute hot aqueous acid and H2O

Hydrolysis

18
Q

Acyl chloride to ester

19
Q

Ester to carboxylate salt + alcohol

A

NaOH and hot aqueous alkali

20
Q

Nitrile to carboxylic acid

A

H2O, HCl, heat

21
Q

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

22
Q

Acyl chloride to primary amide

23
Q

Acyl chloride to secondary amide

A

Primary amine

24
Q

Aldehyde / ketone to alcohol

A

NaBH4 and H2O

Reduction

25
Ester to alcohol
Dilute acid or alkali, reflux
26
Hydroxynitrile to amine
H2, nickel catalyst, high temp and pressure OR LiAlH4 then dilute acid OR Na and ethanol, reflux
27
Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid
Cold H2O
28
Hydroxynitrile to carboxylic acid
H2O, HCl, heat