16- Organic Synthesis Flashcards
Alkene to alkane
- H2
- Nickel Catalyst
“Hydrogenation”
Alkane to haloalkane
- Halogen
- UV rays
“Radical substitution”
Alkene to Haloalkane
- HX (hydrogen halide)
- 20 degrees
“Electrophilic addition”
Alkene to Alcohol
- steam = H2O (g)
- conc H3PO4 catalyst
“Hydration of alkene”
Alcohol to alkene
- conc H2SO4 (or H3PO4)
- heat
“Dehydration of alcohols”
Haloalkane to alcohol
- NaOH (aq)
- H2O
- Reflux
“Nucleophilic substitution”
Alcohol to Haloalkane
- NaX (sodium halide)
- H2SO4
- 20 degrees
“Substitution reaction of alcohols”
Primary alcohol to aldehyde
- heat & distil
- K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4
“Oxidation of alcohols”
Primary alcohol to carboxylic acid
- heat under reflux
- K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4
“Oxidation”
Secondary alcohol to ketone
- heat under reflux
- K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4
“Oxidation”
Haloalkane to nitrile
NaCN or KCN in ethanol
Reflux
Nitrile to Amine
H2 / Ni catalyst
Reduction
Haloalkane to amine
NH3 in ethanol
Aldehyde/ ketone to hydroxynitrile
NaCN / H+
Primary alcohol to ester
-COOH (carboxylic acid) and H2SO4
Esterification
Carboxylic acid to ester
Alcohol and H2SO4
Ester to carboxylic acid
Dilute hot aqueous acid and H2O
Hydrolysis
Acyl chloride to ester
Alcohol
Ester to carboxylate salt + alcohol
NaOH and hot aqueous alkali
Nitrile to carboxylic acid
H2O, HCl, heat
Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride
SOCl2
Acyl chloride to primary amide
NH3
Acyl chloride to secondary amide
Primary amine
Aldehyde / ketone to alcohol
NaBH4 and H2O
Reduction
Ester to alcohol
Dilute acid or alkali, reflux
Hydroxynitrile to amine
H2, nickel catalyst, high temp and pressure
OR
LiAlH4 then dilute acid
OR Na and ethanol, reflux
Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid
Cold H2O
Hydroxynitrile to carboxylic acid
H2O, HCl, heat
