16 Markers Flashcards
What are the 3 types of 16 mark essay structures? What are the stems?
1) Research / studies
2) Explanations / theories
3) Application - a scenario
Outline and evaluate - can literally just do AO1 then AO3.
Describe and evaluate - can literally just do AO1 then AO3.
Discuss - essentially outline and evaluate but more back and forth between AO1 and AO3.
What does a research/study 16-marker look like? Where are the marks weighted? How do you structure the answer?
-Outline and evaluate (*person x’s) research.
-Describe and evaluate… 2 studies of (topic)…
-Discuss research/studies into.
-AO1 - content - 6 marks - aims, procedure, findings and conclusion - use key stats.
-AO3 - evaluation - 10 marks - GRAVE - generalisability, reliability, applications to psychology, real-world or economy, validity and ethics.
-Spend majority of time on AO3.
*See named studies on the spec.
Answer Structure:
-4x AO1 paragraphs - one small paragraph for each part - aims, procedure etc…
-4x AO3 paragraphs - 2 strengths, 2 weaknesses - alternate. Bring in issue and debate, as well as a counter-argument to one of the evaluation points.
What does an explanation/theories 16-marker look like? Where are the marks weighted? How do you structure the answer?
-Describe and evaluate research (meaning explanations/theories, as well as studies).
-Discuss biological explanations for…
-Discuss the role of genetic factors for…
-AO1 - content - 6 marks - define the theory and explanation - need 6 key points.
-AO3 - evidence and evaluation - 10 marks - SCOUT - supporting evidence (studies), conflicting evidence (studies), other explanations, usefulness, testability. Link back to the questions. Use PEI for AO3 - Point, Elaborate, Importance. Need at least 1 counter-argument after one of the I’s in PEI.
-Don’t need to go into detail about experiment behind a model - e.g if asked to outline and evaluate the working memory model, it’s not asking for any experiment.
Answer structure:
-Small introduction.
-1st explanation - AO1 paragraphs - try and include 3 key AO1 points in each paragraph.
-2x AO3 paragraphs - 1x strengths, 1x weakness - use SCOUT - 1 of the paragraphs needs a counter-argument.
-Then repeat with the 2nd explanation - AO1 then the two parts of AO3.
-Small conclusion.
What does an application 16-marker look like? Where are the marks weighted? How do you structure the answer?
A scenario will be given above:
-Discuss research into two or more factors that… Refer to person A and person B / the scenario above in your answer.
-Discuss differences / the role of in… Refer to person A and person B / the scenario above in your answer.
-Discuss what psychologists have found about… Refer to person A and person B / the scenario above in your answer.
-AO1 - content - 6 marks - describe the explanation / theory / studies / factors - use evidence to support - i.e studies.
-AO2 - application - 4 marks - relate to the scenario - use quotes.
-AO3 - evaluation - 6 marks - evaluate the explanation / theory / factors - make it relevant to the question.
Answer Structure:
-Start with an in-context opening statement if possible - overview of topics in the questions - e.g definition of workplace stress, then introduce (don’t explain) the parts of workplace stress that the question touches on (use the people’s name).
-AO1 - 1 paragraph - factor, explanation, study etc…
-AO2 - 1 paragraph applying it to the scenario - use quotes.
-AO3 - 1 strength and 1 weakness - don’t need to counter-argument - you’re evaluating in line with the factor/s to do with the scenario in the question.
-Then, if there are 2 or more factors / parts to the questions, repeat AO1, AO2, AO3.
How do you enhance AO3 in year 2 psychology?
Year 2 Psychology - Issues and Debates - can use for counter-arguments.
GRENADE:
-Gender bias - alpha/beta
-Reductionism vs holism
-Ethical implications
-Nature vs nurture
-Approach - idiographic vs nomothetic - (individual case studies vs large groups)
-Determinism vs free will
-Ethnocentrism - cultural bias
How many 16 markers are there across the 3 papers?
6x 16-markers total.
-Paper 1 - 1x, 2x or 3x 16-markers
-Paper 2 - either 1x or 2x 16-markers (none for research methods - 12 markers only)
-Paper 3 - 1x, 2x or 3x 16-markers
