What is the solubility of CO2 in blood plasma?

6ml CO2 / dl blood / 100 mmHg (20x higher than O2)

16. CP Gas Transport Flashcards by Monika Eszterhazy

What is the solubility of O2 in plasma?

0.3 ml O2 / dl blood / 100 mmHg

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What is the average O2 content of arterial blood?

What is the oxygen content of blood at 100& saturation?

Average = 20 mlO₂ / dl blood (200ml O2 / L)

At 100% = 20.1 mlO₂ / dl blood

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What results in a right shift (lower affinity) of oxygen binding?

High CO2

High Temperature

2,3 BPG

(Eg. Being in the tissues)

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What is the O2 saturation in venous blood?

What is the O2 content in venous blood?

Saturation in venous blood = 75%

O2 content in venous blood = 15.2 ml O2

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What is the arterial - venous O2 difference?

Include definition and value.

Definition: The difference between the content of O2 in the arterial blood vs venous blood. (How much O2 was used.)

Value: 4.6 mlO2 / dl blood difference

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What is the CO2 production vs O2 consumption for:

Carbohydrates

Fatty Acids

Carbohydrates 1/1

Fatty Acids: 7 CO₂ : 10 O₂

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What is the average CO2 produced / O2 consumed for all fuels combined? (Experimental average)

8 CO₂ : 10 O₂

(.8)

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What is the equation for respiratory quotient (RQ)?

CO₂ produced / O₂ consumed

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What three forms can CO₂ take when transported in the blood?

Dissolved

Carbamino compounds (bound to amines)

As bicarbonate

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What is the solubility of CO₂ in blood plasma?

6ml CO₂ / dl blood / 100 mmHg

(20x higher than O₂)

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What is the CO₂ content in blood?

2.7 ml CO₂ / dl

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What is the Haldane Shift?

The phenominon by which O2 changes the conformation of Hb to reduce the affinity of Hb for CO₂

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How much CO₂ is carried as cabamindo compounds?

3ml CO₂ / dl of blood

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Functions of Erythrocytes

Deliver nutrients and O2

removes waste products

maintain homeostasis

circulation

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What is the key regulator of erythropoeisis?

What happens with a defect in Hypoxia inducible factor?

erythropoietin (regulated by HIF)

made by kidneys due to anemia, low Hb, decreased RBF, or central hypoxia

genetic deletion results in anemia, polycythemia while impaired regulation of HIF leads to erythrocytosis

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What is the life cycle of red blood cells?

last for 120 days and then rupture in the red pulp of the spleen

released Hb is ingested by monocyte/macrophages immediately

blood travels from the lungs to the vessels to the tissues where the O2 is deposited

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oxygen can travel in the blood two ways. Why is the level of dissolved oxygen in the blood so low?

Dissolved O2 has a really low solubility, with PaO2 being only 95-100mmHg. This would mean that during heavy exercise when CO increases, tissue demands would be 2-3000 ml O2/min

There just isn’t enough dissolved O2 in the blood to go around (b/c of low solub.)

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How does O2 bind to Hgb?

Hgb has four different chains with iron binding affinity and each molecule of Hgb can carry 4 O2 molecules

note that Hgb A is adult form

Hgb F is fetal form

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What is the normal oxygen concentration on a dissociation curve?

15 Hb/100ml Blood

1g hb can combine with 1.34 ml O2

in total there is about 20.1ml O2/100ml blood

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What are the normal PaO2 and O2 saturation values (arterial blood)

what are the normal values for PvO2 and O2 saturation (venous blood)

This is in resting tissues

arterial: PaO2=95-100mmHg

O2 sat=97.5%

Venous: PvO2=40mmHg

O2 sat=75%

What is the O2 saturation when PaO2 is > 60mmHg?

O2 sat is at least 85%

(17ml O2/dl blood)

What is the Hb saturation percentage when PaO2 is 27mmHg?

50%

What happens to oxygen when Hb concentration decreases?

Oxygen carrying capacity will decrease regardless of O2 saturation

What happens when Hb concentration increases?

Oxygen carrying capacity will increase regardless of O2 saturation

What is the "left shift" of the ODC? what dz are assx?

represents increased affinity of Hb for O2 (Hb doesn't want to share O2 with the tissues) assx with polycythemia and methemoglobinemia

What is the "right shift" of the ODC?

represents decreased affinity of Hb for O2 (doesn't want to hold on to O2) assx with anemia, good for unloading O2

What causes a right shift? (Bohr Effect)

increased **CADET** **C**O2 (hypercarbic) **A**cid (high H, low pH) 2,3 BPG (**D**PG) (more chronic) **E**xercise **T**emp

What is oxygen capacity? What is oxygen content? What is Oxygen Saturation?

OC: max amount of O2 that can be carried by hgb in blood (20.1mlO2/dl blood) Ocontent: how much O2 is actually being carried by the blood (19.5ml O2/dl blood) OS: spots occupied by O2 as a percentage of total available spots

what are the four things that blood needs to form/function properly what are two disorders assx with inadequate levels of these components?

1. adequate nutrition 2. vitamin B12 (cyancobalamin) 3. folate (B9) 4. iron availability not enough B12 or folate leads to megaloblastic macrocytic anemia poor b12 absorption leads to pernicious anemia

What dz is assx with a deficiency in iron?

microcytic anemia (most common type) -be hgb needs iron in order to bind to O2

What dz is assx with deficient transport of transferrin to developing erythroblasts?

hypochromic anemia

How does iron and ATP work together

ATP is required to maintain Fe in the 2+ form within the heme (Fe3 is bad for oxygen binding/dissociation)

What is hemachromatosis?

**iron overloading** leading to cirrhosis, hyperpigmentation and DM there is primary/genetic and secondary as well as neonatal forms **secondary:** can be caused by multiple blood transfusions, bad erythropoiesis, and increased iron intake **neonatal:** develops in uteru from an unknown cause

Anemia decreases O2 carrying capacity. Why?

Hgb concentration is proportional to blood O2 content 1/2 hgb concentration is approx. equal to 1/2 blood O2 content (??) but the saturation doesn't change

describe primary polycythemia

genetics (low EPO) extra RBCs leading to increased blood volume (2x) increased viscosity (10x water) Normal CO (ish)

Describe secondary polycythemia

hypoxia (high EPO) extra RBCs CO may be abnormal

Describe physiologic polycythemia

high altitude adaptation extra RBCs normal CO

What is methemoglobinemia?

increased met-hemoglobin iron is in Fe3 (ferric) form decreased O2 available to tissues LEFT shift in OHDC blood is chocolate colored (okay, brown?) blue skin

What is the a-v O2 difference?

difference between arterial blood O2 content vs. venous blood O2 content helps determine oxygen consumption

what is the respiratory qoutient?

RQ=volume of CO2 produced/volume of O2 consumed or Vdot CO2/Vdot O2

The relationship between O2 used and CO2 produced is determined by the fuel being burned in the body Carbs Fats Proteins

Carbs: 1:1 ratio (1 CO2 per 1 O2) (1.0 RQ) Fats: 7:10 ratio (7 CO2 per 10 O2) (0.7 RQ) Proteins: 9:10 ratio (9 CO2 per 10 O2) (0.9 RQ)

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

arterial blood: 90% HCO3- 5% dissolved 5% carbamino Venous blood: 60% HCO3- 10% dissolved 30% carbamino

Carbamino compounds carry CO2 in the blood because

CO2 binds to plasma proteins or Hb but does not bind to heme groups instead, binds to amine group this causes a Haldane (left) shift in the presence of O2, there is a reduced affinitty of the amine chain for CO2

How does CO2 and bicarbonate work?

1. CO2 is produced and exits tissues 2. carbonic anhydrase (high levels in RBCs) hydrates CO2 to form H2CO3 3. H2CO3 dissociates into H and HCO3 4. H is buffered in RBCs by deoxyhemoglobin and carried in venous blood here 5. HCO3- produced is exchanged for Cl- across RBCs and carried to lungs 6. in the lungs: dissolved CO2 moves into alveoli, CO2 dissciates from proteins, HCO3 is converted back to CO2

Volume of O2 in blood Volume of CO2 in blood

O2: 20ml/100ml blood CO2: 50ml CO2/100ml blood

Major form of O2 transport Major form of CO2 transport

O2: bound to heme CO2: HCO3

Volume dissolved in blood: O2: CO2:

O2: 0.3ml/100ml blood CO2: 3ml/100ml blood

Other forms of O2 in blood other forms of CO2 in blood

O2-none CO2: carbamino