16

Question 1

– the thrombi become larger and larger eventually obstructing
the lumen of the blood vessel where they are formed.

Answer 1

Propagation

Question 2

– portions of the thrombi break and
are carried into the circulation

Answer 2

Fragmentation to form thrombo-emboli

Question 3

– lysis of the thrombi by plasma-derived
fibrinolytic system or through slow phagocytosis by phagocytic cells.

Answer 3

Dissolution by fibrinolysis

Question 4

– invasion and growth of fibrous tissue could
happen, along with recanalization and restoration of blood flow.

Answer 4

Fibrous tissue organization

Question 5

Thrombi are clinically important for two reasons:

Answer 5

a) they cause obstruction
of blood vessels, and b) they can be a source of emboli.

Question 6

of the left chamber of the heart usually produces
emboli in the systemic circulation, while when it occurs in the right chamber, the
emboli are at the lungs.

Answer 6

Valvular thrombosis

Question 7

One of the notorious “seeders” of emboli is the disease
called _________ that causes multiple embolisms in the
kidneys.

Answer 7

bacterial valvular endocarditis

Question 8

A reduction in the flow of arterial blood to an organ or tissue result to a condition
called ____

Answer 8

ischemia

Question 9

The reduction of blood supplies maybe partial and is called
,

Answer 9

hypoxia

Question 10

complete reduction in the oxygen supplied to tissues called .

Answer 10

anoxia

Question 11

obstructing the
cranial mesenteric artery.

Answer 11

Strongylus vulgaris

Question 12

– In some organs, there are two separate blood
supply originating from different points. This includes the lungs (pulmonary
artery and bronchial artery), and the liver (hepatic artery and portal vein).
Thus, pulmonary and hepatic infarctions are rarely seen, although they
may occur in association with chronic passive venous congestion in which
the dual blood supply is compromised.

Answer 12

Dual Blood Supply

Question 13

is considered one of the “silent” killers of humans.

Answer 13

Myocardial
infarction

Question 14

_________ associated with subsequent formation of
thrombin. This leads to platelet aggregation and fibrin formation resulting
to microthrombosis of vascular capillaries, and infarction in many organs.

Answer 14

hypercoagulable phase

Question 15

___________ associated with the activation of
the fibrinolytic system with consequent release of fibrin and fibrinogen
degradation products that suppresses fibrin polymerization.
Thrombocytes are depleted at this phase, including the various clotting
factors, notably fibrinogen, Factor VIII (anti-hemophilic factor), and Factor
V (proaccelerin).

Answer 15

hypocoagulable phase

Question 16

DIC is
also known as consumption

Answer 16

coagulopathy or defibrination syndrome

Question 17

is a state of peripheral circulatory failure caused by sudden and
severe injury.

Answer 17

Shock

Question 18

where there occurs
reflex vasoconstriction in an attempt to maintain blood pressure and
cardiac output. It is at this phase that the counter regulatory mechanisms
are activated with the net effect of increasing heart beat (tachycardia),
peripheral vasoconstriction and fluid conservation in the kidneys.

Answer 18

Stage of ischemic hypoxia (non-progressive phase)

Question 19

that is associated with
gradual fading of pre-capillary vasoconstriction with pooling of blood in the
capillary, a decline in venous return, and diminishing blood pressure; and

Answer 19

Stage of stagnant hypoxia (progressive phase)

Question 20

where there occurs shift of fluid from the
intravascular space to the extravascular space and microembolization of
capillaries.

Answer 20

Stage of irreversibility

Question 21

– produces peripheral
vasoconstriction and tachycardia. Blood is redistributed to vital organs.

Answer 21

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 22

– Activation of the
apneustic and pneumotaxic areas of the brain following hypoxia brought
about by reduced ventilatory surface in events of hemodynamic alteration
of lung surface.

Answer 22

Stimulation of the respiratory centers in the brain

Question 23

– release of catecholamines (epinephrine
and norepinephrine) from the adrenal medulla, and glucocorticoids from
the adrenal cortex. These result to peripheral vasoconstriction, and
release of glucose from storage areas.

Answer 23

Stimulation of adrenal gland

Question 24

– result to
conservation of sodium ions and water by increasing kidney tubular
reabsorption.

Answer 24

Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis

Question 25

. Some lesions found postmortem may be very
suggestive, or in some cases diagnostic, of severe shock

Answer 25

Congestive atelectasis

Question 26

The term congestive
atelectasis is appropriate for these changes, which are also called

Answer 26

shock lung.

Question 27

. Blood fall resultant of diapedeses or rbcs. In cattle that die
with a failing circulation, considerable fluid may be present in the intestine, and
the fluid contains so many red cells that the fluids look like blood.

Answer 27

Visceral pooling

Question 28

. A fall in blood pressure causes reflex renal
vasoconstriction

Answer 28

Acute Renal Tubular Necrosis

Question 29

refers to slowing down of the circulation, settling out of red
cells from plasma and increased stickiness of blood. Sludging is common in
shock.

Answer 29

Sludging

Question 30

The norm blood pH is maintained between _______ by several buffer
system, the main one being the bicarbonate and carbonic acid.

Answer 30

7.35 and 7.45