15th Group Flashcards
Common electronic configuration
ns2 np3
Main valences
3 & 5
How do metallic properties vary down group 15?
increases
Metallic character of N & P
Non-metals
Metallic character of As, Sb, Bi
Poor metals
How do group 15 elements exist?
N exists as a gas
All the other elements exist in solid state
Why is electronegativity of N high?
Due to smaller atomic radius
What are the two types of oxides produced by group 15 elements
Y2O3 oxides
Y2O5 oxides
What’s the acidic character of Y2O3 oxides
N2O3 - acidic
P2O3 - weakly acidic
As2O3 - amphoteric
Sb2O3 - amphoteric
Bi2O3 - basic
Acidic character of N2O3
acidic
Acidic character of P2O3
weakly acidic
Acidic character of As2O3
amphoteric
Acidic character of Sb2O3
amphoteric
Acidic character of Bi2O3
basic
Which oxides exist as dimers?
As2O3 and Sb2O3
Write the acidic character of Y2O3 oxides
All are acidic
No basic oxides
What oxide isn’t theoretically possible?
Bi2O5
What are the oxides produced by N?
N2O3, N2O5, NO, N2O, NO2
How do acidic oxides of N and P react with water?
Acids are produced
N2O3 + H2O –> HNO2
NO2 + H2O –> HNO2 + HNO3
N2O5 + H2O –> HNO3
P2O3 + H2O –> H3PO4
P2O5 + H2O –> H3PO4
N2O3 reaction w water
N2O3 + H2O –> HNO2
NO2 reaction w water
NO2 + H20 –> HNO3 + HNO2
N2O5 reaction w water
N2O5 + H20 –> HNO3
P2O3 reaction w water
P2O3 + H2O –> H3PO4
Write the acidic nature of all N oxides
N2O - neutral
NO - neutral
N2O3 - acidic
NO2 - acidic (more)
N2O5 - acidic (highly)
Acidity of N2O
Neutral
Acidity of NO
Neutral
Acidity of N2O3
Acidic
Acidity of NO2
Acidic
Acidity of N2O5
Acidic
Characteristics of N
- N exists with triple bonds as N2 and it is very hard to break. So, N2 is inert
- Due to inert property, high % of N2 is possible in atmosphere (70.98%)
- Weakly soluble in water, but more soluble under high pressure
- N2 doesn’t show allotropic forms even though all other 15th group elements do
experimental confirmation of N in atmosphere
Burn a piece of Mg tape in air & collect the powder produced by burning
Secondly, add this powder to water and close a filter paper moistened with Nessler’s reagent
Then the filter paper will turn into brown. Evolving NH3 turns Nessler’s reagent brown
Mg + O2 –> MgO
Mg + N2 –> Mg3N2
Mg3N2 + H20 —> Mg(OH)2 + NH3
reactions of N in atmosphere
Mg + O2 –> MgO
Mg + N2 –> Mg3N2
Mg3N2 + H20 —> Mg(OH)2 + NH3
N compound w oxidation no. (-3)
Ammonia (NH3)
N compound w oxidation no. (-2)
Hydrazine (N2H4)
N compound w oxidation no. (-1)
Hydroxyl amine (NH2OH)
N compound w oxidation no. 0
Dinitrogen (N2)
N compound w oxidation no. (+1)
Dinitrogen Monoxide (N2O)
N compound w oxidation no. (+2)
Nitrogen Monoxide (NO)
N compound w oxidation no. (+3)
Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3)
N compound w oxidation no. (+4)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Dinitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4)
N compound w oxidation no. (+5)
Dinitrogen Pentoxide (N2O5)
Nitric Acid (HNO3)
What are the nitrogen oxoacids
HNO2
HNO3
Describe HNO2
- a weak monoprotic acid
- at room conditions, HNO2 is unstable
How can a solution of HNO2 acid be prepared?
Adding a dilute acid to a cold dilute solution of a nitrite
NaNO2 + HCl —> NaCl + HNO2
How does HNO2 disproportionate?
HNO2 –> HNO3 + NO + H2O
NO + O2 —> NO2 (reddish brown)
This fact is used to identify NO2- ions
Describe HNO3
- HNO3 is a strong acid
- An oily, hazardous liquid
- Pure HNO3 is colorless but usually we can observe HNO3 acid with a yellow color, due to the light induced decomposition of HNO3
Decomposition of HNO3 under sunlight
HNO3 —> NO2 + O2 + H2O
Properties of HNO3
HNO3 shows oxidizing, reducing, acid and base properties
- Dilute HNO3 as an acid
- Conc. HNO3 as an oxidizing agent
- HNO3 with H2SO4 as a base (nitration mixture)
NO REDUCING PROPERTIES
Reactions of HNO3 as an acid with metals
Mg + HNO3 –> Mg(NO3)2 + H2
Zn + HNO3 –> Zn(NO3)2 + H2
Reactions of HNO3 as an oxidizing agent
Mg + HNO3 –> Mg(NO3)2 + NO2 + H20
Cu + HNO3 –> Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O
How does Cu react with dilute HNO3
Cu can’t displace H from dilute acids, but Cu involves in reaction with dil. HNO3 by showing oxidizing properties
Cu + HNO3 —> Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O
Reactions of conc. HNO3 with non-metals
C + HNO3 –> CO2 + NO2 + H2O
S + HNO3 –> H2SO4 + NO2 + H20
Describe NH3
A colorless gas with a strong, characteristic smell
It’s a basic gas which is soluble in water
NH3 + H2O –> NH3OH
Describe NH3 reactions with water
NH3 + H2O –> NH3OH
How does NH3OH (aq. NH3) act as a base and dissociate?
NH4OH –> NH4+ + OH-
Properties of NH3
- base
- acid
- oxidizing agent
- reducing agent
How does NH3 act as a base?
NH3 + HCL —> NH4Cl (white dense fume)
How does NH3 act as an acid?
Na + NH3 —> NaNH2 + H2
Mg + NH3 —> Mg3N2 + H2
How does NH3 act as an oxidizing agent
Na + NH3 —> NaNH2 + H2
Mg + NH3 —> Mg3N2 + H2
Reactions of NH3 as a reducing agent
NH3 + Cl2 –> N2 + HCl
EXCESS NH3 + HCl –> NH4Cl
NH3 + EXCESS Cl2 –> HCl + NCl3
NCl can react w water as follows
NCl3 + H2O –> NH3 + HOCl
Why is NH3 used as a water disinfecting agent
Due to formation of HOCl
Reaction of NH3 with CuO
CuO + NH3 –> Cu + N2 + H20
Steps of NH3 identification
- Nessler’s Reagent
Filter paper moistened with Nessler’s reagent when allowed to contact NH3 gas turns brown color from yellow
- Using HCl Vapor
When conc. HCl is allowed to contact with NH3 gas, a white dense fume formation is observed
NH3 + HCl –> NH4Cl (white dense fume)
NH3 reaction with HCl vapor
NH3 + HCl –> NH4Cl (white dense fume)
How do ammonium salts decompose?
They decompose easily by heat to give NH3 as a product
(NH4)2CO3 —-> NH3 + CO2 + H2O
NH4Cl –> NH3 + HCl
(NH4)2SO4 —> NH3 + H2SO4
How do some NH4 salts with anions oxidize ?
They oxidize to give some other products instead of NH3
NH4NO2 —> N2 + H20
NH4NO3 –> N20 + H20
(NH4)2Cr2O7 –> N2 + Cr2O3 + H20
How does (NH4)2Cr2O7 oxidize
(NH4)2Cr2O7 –> N2 + Cr2O3 + H20
Identification of NH4 salts
When NH4 salts heat with a strong base (NaOH), all NH4 salts evolve NH3
Evolving NH3 can be identified using HCl vapor or Nessler’s reagent
NH4+ + OH- —> NH3 + H20
NH3 + HCl —-> NH4Cl (white flame)
NH3 —–> brown
Reaction of salt with weak component of weak acid/ base
It’s possible to displace using a strong component
(NH4)2CO3 + HCl —> NH4Cl + CO2 + h20
(NH4)2CO3 + NaOH —> NH3 + Na2CO3 + H20