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Nutrition 1 (Semester II) > 15a. Orthomolecular Compounds > Flashcards

15a. Orthomolecular Compounds Flashcards

1
Q

What does orthomolecular mean?

A

The right molecules in the right amounts

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2
Q

What are orthomolecular compounds?

A

Highly beneficial for health
Naturally synthesised by the body
Also present in diet and supplements

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3
Q

What is the focus of orthomolecular medicine?

A

Prevention of disease by providing the body with optimal amounts of substances it produces

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4
Q

In what forms does CoQ10 exist as?

A

Ubiquinone

Ubiquinol

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5
Q

What is ubiquinone?

A

Oxidised form of CoQ10

lost an electron

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6
Q

What is ubiqinol?

A

Reduced form of CoQ10

gained an electron

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7
Q

Where is CoQ10 synthesised?

A

In the body

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8
Q

What can reduce CoQ10 levels in the body?

A

Ageing
Drugs
Smoking
Certain diseases

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9
Q

CoQ10 - plant food sources

A 
Nuts
Sesame seeds
Olive oil
Avocado
Oranges
Strawberries
Broccoli
Cauliflower
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10
Q

CoQ10 - animal food sources

A

Meat
Poultry
Fish
Eggs

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11
Q

CoQ10 - functions (CAPE F)

A

CV health
AO
Periodontal health
Energy

Fertility

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12
Q

CoQ10 - functions in energy production

A

Complex 2 of 4 in electron transport chain

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13
Q

Where are the highest quantities of CoQ10 found?

A

Muscle cells - skeletal, heart

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14
Q

CoQ10 - therapeutic uses in energy production

A

Fatigue

Fibromyalgia (300mg/day)

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15
Q

CoQ10 - functions as an AO

A

Fat-soluble AO
Inhibits peroxidation of cell membrane fluids
Neutralises free radicals produced by mitochondria
(e.g. = healthy ageing)

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16
Q

What can the depletion of CoQ10 as an AO lead to?

A

Mitochondrial dysfunction

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17
Q

CoQ10 - therapeutic uses as an AO

A 
Healthy ageing (100-200mg/day)
Fibromyalgia
T2D
CV disease
Neurodegenerative diseases
Cancer
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18
Q

CoQ10 - functions in periodontal health

A

Preventing gum disease
Diseased gum tissues have lower levels of CoQ10 due to LPS from bacteria P. gingivalis triggering oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction

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19
Q

CoQ10 - therapeutic uses in periodontal disease

A

Periodontitis (50-80mg/day)

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20
Q

CoQ10 - functions in fertility

A

Protects sperm from oxidative stress (200-300mg/day)

Protects oocytes from age-associated deficits (100-600mg/day)

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21
Q

CoQ10 - functions in CV health

A

Protects against endothelial dysfunction
Reduces LDL oxidation
Inhibits NF-kB activation
Increases superoxide dismutase activity as an AO
Preserves activity of nitric oxide as a vasodilator

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22
Q

CoQ10 - therapeutic uses in CV health

A

Hypertension (60-300mg/day)
Raynaud’s
Angina

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23
Q

What do low CoQ10 levels increase the risk of?

A

CV disease
Myopathy
Depression

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24
Q

Why do statins (for cholesterol reduction) also reduce CoQ10 in body?

A

Both compounds are synthesised via the same pathway

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25
Q

What is the pathway that synthesises CoQ10 and cholesterol?

A

Mevalonate Pathway

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26
Q

What is the building block of both CoQ10 and cholesterol?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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27
Q

What steps does the CoQ10/cholesterol synthesis take in the Mevalonate Pathway?

A

Acetyl-CoA - HMG-CoA - Mevalonic acid = CoQ10/cholesterol

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28
Q

How do statins work in the Mevalonate Pathway?

A

They inhibit the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid by inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme

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29
Q

Which form of CoQ10 is deemed to be better utilised by the body?

A

Ubiquinol

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30
Q

CoQ10 - mild adverse effects

A

GIT issues - nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort

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31
Q

CoQ10 - drug interactions

A

May decrease the effects of warfarin

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32
Q

What is alpha lipoic acid?

A

An organosulphur compound synthesised by plants and animals

Naturally occurring SCFA

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33
Q

What is alpha lipoic acid also known as?

A

Lipoic acid

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34
Q

What are the two forms of ALA?

A

R-form (natural)

S-form (synthetic)

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35
Q

Which form of ALA is more potent?

A

R-form

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36
Q

ALA - plant sources

A 
Broccoli
Brussel sprouts
Spinach
Carrots
Beetroots
Tomatoes
Peas
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37
Q

ALA - animal sources

A

Red meat

Organ meat

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38
Q

ALA - functions (A WIMPE)

A

AO

Weight loss
Insulin sensitising
Metal chelating
Peripheral neuropathy
Energy production
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39
Q

ALA - function within energy production

A

Co-factor required to convert dietary carbs into energy in Krebs cycle
Fuels sperm cells

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40
Q

ALA - therapeutic uses in energy production

A

Fatigue
CFS
Mitochondrial support
Sperm health

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41
Q

ALA - functions as an AO

A 
Potent fat soluble and water soluble AO
Anti-inflammatory
Regenerate other AOs (C, E, glutathione, CoQ10)
Upregulates expression of glutathione
Sperm motility
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42
Q

ALA - therapeutic uses as an AO

A 
Infertility (600mg/day)
Diabetes
AZD (600mg/day)
MS
Healthy ageing
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43
Q

ALA - functions in insulin sensitivity

A

Supplementation improves insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c

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44
Q

ALA - functions as a metal chelator

A

Can chelate iron, mercury, copper, lead and zinc

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45
Q

ALA - therapeutic uses in metal chelation

A

Infertility
AZD
Peripheral neuropathy

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46
Q

ALA - functions in peripheral neuropathy

A

Supplementation reduces oxidation of myelin sheath
Improves neuropathic sensory symptoms - pain, burning, numbness, prickling of feet and legs
(600mg/day)

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47
Q

ALA - functions in weight loss

A

Reducing oxidative stress that promotes fat storage
Suppressing appetite through influence of AMPK enzyme in hypothalamus
Increasing energy expenditure
Reducing fat synthesis
(1800mg/day)

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48
Q

When should ALA supplements be taken to optimise bioavailability?

A

Empty stomach

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49
Q

ALA - adverse reactions

A

Allergic reactions - skin

GI symptoms

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50
Q

ALA - interactions

A

Biotin - may compete for transport across cell membranes

Increased risk of hypoglycaemia in medicated diabetics due to additive effect

51
Q

What is glucosamine?

A

An aminosugar naturally present in most body tissues

52
Q

Where is most glucosamine found?

A

Joints

Cartilage

53
Q

What is glucosamine required for the synthesis of?

A

Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

54
Q

What are glycoproteins, glycolipids and glycosaminoglycans also known as?

A

Mucopolysaccharides

55
Q

What are mucopolysaccharides important compounds of?

A 
Tendons/ligaments
Cartilage
Synovial fluid
Mucus membranes
Structures in eye, blood vessels and heart valves
56
Q

Which forms of glucosamine are naturally present in the body?

A

Glucosamine-6-Phosphate (G6P)

N-Acetyl-Glucosamine (NAG)

57
Q

What is N-Acetyl-Glucosamine (NAG) converted to as needed?

A

Hyaluronic acid

58
Q

What is hyaluronic acid an important component of?

A

Synovial fluid

59
Q

What are the supplemental forms of glucosamine called?

A

Glucosamine sulphate

Glucosamine hydrochloride

60
Q

What is glucosamine sulphate sourced from?

A

Marine exoskeletons

61
Q

Which groups is glucosamine sulphate not suitable for?

A

Vegetarians
Vegans
Seafood allergies

62
Q

From what is glucosamine hydrochloride sourced?

A

Synthetically from corn

63
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of glucosamine?

A

OA

IBD/intestinal permeability

64
Q

In what ways does glucosamine support OA?

A

Stimulates metabolism of chondrocytes in articular cartilage and synovial tissue
Slows joint degeneration
Prevents joint space narrowing
Decreases inflammation by inhibiting cytokines
Pain reduction

65
Q

How is glucosamine made more effective for supporting OA?

A

Combine with chondroitin and MSM

66
Q

How does glucosamine support IBD/intestinal permeability?

A

Enhances mucin functionality

Reduces biofilm formation (armours on bacteria)

67
Q

What are mucins?

A

Group of proteins found in mucus that form a barrier and prevent bacterial overgrowth

68
Q

Glucosamine - supplementation caution

A

Can be produced from shells of crustaceans so not suitable for seafood allergy sufferers, veggies/vegans

69
Q

Glucosamine - mild adverse effects

A

GIT symptoms

70
Q

Glucosamine - interactions

A

Potential increase in anti-coagulant effect of warfarin

leading to increased risk of bleeding and bruising

71
Q

What is chondroitin sulphate?

A

Type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

72
Q

What is chondroitin a major component of?

A

Cartilage

Joint connective tissue

73
Q

Chondroitin - therapeutic use

A

OA

74
Q

How does chondroitin support OA?

A

Protects cartilage from degradation by:
Reducing degradation enzymes
Decreasing inflammation
Increasing hyaluronic acid synthesis

75
Q

Chondroitin - safety

A

Might exacerbate asthma

Asthma patients tend to have higher concentrations of chondroitin antibodies in airway

76
Q

Chondroitin - interactions

A

Potential increase in anti-coagulant effect of warfarin

leading to increased risk of bleeding and bruising

77
Q

What is MSM?

A

Methyl sulfonylmethane

Source of sulphur used by plants to create cysteine and methionine

78
Q

MSM - plant food sources

A 
Green leafy veg
Alfalfa sprouts
Algae
Fruits
Veg
Grains
79
Q

MSM - animal food sources

A

Cow’s milk

80
Q

MSM - therapeutic uses (OTCI)

A

OA
Tissue repair
CV health
Immune modulator

81
Q

How does MSM support OA?

A

Reduce pain/swelling
Improve joint function
Anti-inflammatory
Protective effect on cartilage (sulphur is component of cartilage)

82
Q

How does MSM support CV health?

A

Reduces homocysteine levels

Reduces lipid peroxidation

83
Q

How does MSM support tissue repair?

A

Decreases oxidative stress
Decreases inflammation
Repairs GI mucosal inflammation
Supports tissue healing after injury (including skin)

84
Q

How does MSM support immunity?

A

Immune regulating
AO properties
Seasonal allergies
Reducing inflammation

85
Q

MSM - adverse effects

A

GI symptoms

86
Q

What is the chemical form of betaine?

A

Trimethyl glycine (TMG)

87
Q

Can trimethyl glycine be made in the body?

A

Yes, from choline

88
Q

Betaine/TMG - plant food sources

A 
Beetroot
Wheat bran
Quinoa
Spinach
Sweet potato
89
Q

Betaine/TMG - animal food sources

A

Seafood

Turkey

90
Q

Betaine/TMG - functions (CFS)

A

CV health
Fatty liver disease
Skeletal muscle performance

91
Q

Betaine/TMG - functions in CV health

A

TMG serves as a methyl donor, facilitating the conversion of homocysteine to methionine

92
Q

Betaine/TMG - therapeutic uses in CV health

A

CV disease

AZD

93
Q

Betaine/TMG - functions/therapeutic uses in skeletal muscle performance

A

Reduces fat mass
Increases muscle mass
Improves muscle endurance, body composition, arm size and bench press work capacity

94
Q

Betaine/TMG - functions/therapeutic uses in fatty liver disease

A

Improve liver function
Support bile production
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

95
Q

What is dimethyl glycine?

A

Trimethyl glycine after it has donated one methyl group during the methylation of homocysteine

96
Q

Dimethyl glycine - therapeutic uses

A

Autism

97
Q

How does dimethyl glycine support autism?

A

Improves behaviour, eye contact, frustration tolerance and speech
Reduces seizures

98
Q

What is phosphatidylserine?

A

Most abundant fat soluble phospholipid in the human brain

99
Q

Phosphatidylserine - food sources

A 
White beans
Carrots
Mackerel
Herring
Organ meats
100
Q

Phosphatidylserine - functions/therapeutic uses (ASAD)

A

AZD
Stress/insomnia
ADHD
Depression

101
Q

Phosphatidylserine - functions within AZD

A 
Improves neuronal membrane functioning
Increases acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine
Preserves glucose metabolism
Increases cognitive function
Increases memory
102
Q

Phosphatidylserine - functions/benefits for depression

A

Improves mood through its effects on cortisol regulation

103
Q

Phosphatidylserine - functions/benefits for stress/insomnia

A

Dampens the effects of prolonged cortisol secretion on brain function
Allows for better sleep quality and decreased anxiety

104
Q

Phosphatidylserine - interactions

A

Possible addictive effects when combined with cholinergic drugs which also increase acetylcholine
May decrease effectiveness of anticholinergic drugs

105
Q

Where can phosphatidylcholine be found?

A

Cell membranes

106
Q

What is the function of phosphatidylcholine within cell membranes?

A

Maintains integrity and fluidity

107
Q

How is phosphatidylcholine produced in the body?

A

From dietary choline

Through methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine

108
Q

Phosphatidylcholine - plant food sources

A 
Nuts
Brussels sprouts
Broccoli
Spinach
Peas
109
Q

Phosphatidylcholine - animal food sources

A

Eggs
Fish
Meat
Liver

110
Q

Phosphatidylcholine - therapeutic uses (NLU)

A

Neurological health
Liver health
Ulcerative colitis

111
Q

Phosphatidylcholine - functions/benefits in liver health

A

Prevents fat accumulation in liver

Hepato-protective reducing chemical and oxidative damage

112
Q

Phosphatidylcholine - functions/benefits in neurological health

A

Neuro-protective role as an essential component of neuronal membranes
Supplies choline for synthesis of acetylcholine
Protective against cognitive decline and dementia

113
Q

Phosphatidylcholine - functions/benefits in ulcerative colitis

A

Establishes a protective mucosal barrier
Forms a vital part of intestinal mucus
Incorporates into enterocyte membranes reducing inflammation

114
Q

Phosphatidylcholine - mild adverse effects of supplementation

A

GI symptoms

115
Q

Phosphatidylcholine - interactions

A

Possible addictive effects when combined with cholinergic drugs which also increase acetylcholine
May decrease effectiveness of anticholinergic drugs

116
Q

What is myo-inositol?

A

A form of inositol

A 6-carbon sugar

117
Q

What does myo-inositol do?

A

Provides structure to body cells
Acts as an intracellular second messenger
Regulates a number of hormones (inc insulin)

118
Q

How can myo-inositol be obtained?

A

Synthesised in body

Through diet

119
Q

Myo-inositol - plant food sources

A

Whole grains
Beans
Prunes, melons, oranges
Okra, aubergines

120
Q

Myo-inositol - animal food sources

A

Grass fed meats

Eggs

121
Q

Myo-inositol - functions/therapeutic uses (PDA)

A

PCOS
Diabetes
Anxiety/depression

122
Q

Myo-inositol - functions in PCOS

A

Improves insulin sensitivity
Promotes mobilisation of GLUT4 vesicles
Increases SHBG to reduce bioavailable testosterone
Improves menstrual cycle regularity, oocyte quality and female fertility

123
Q

Myo-inositol - functions in diabetes

A

Improves insulin sensitivity

Promotes mobilisation of GLUT4 vesicles

124
Q

Myo-inositol - functions in anxiety/depression

A

Decreases anxiety symptoms
Decreases panic attack frequency
Decreases depression symptoms

Nutrition 1 (Semester II) (16 decks)

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