155-201 Flashcards
The South was an agrarian society whose economy is based on producing and maintaining crops and farmland.
Agrarian
were horrific. They worked long hours outside in the hot summer and they were treated as property rather as human beings. Slaves resisted their condition in both passive and overt ways (see earlier terms). The wealth produced by this agrarian society led to an aristocratic society where the majority of the wealth was held by a small group of white landowners.
Daily lives of slaves on the South
Their main export was cotton. The cotton gin made the processing of cotton fiber faster and led to the expansion of plantations and slavery to grow more cotton. The South transitioned from tobacco to cotton as the main cash crop and shifted the productivity and population from Virginia and the Carolinas down to Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. Eli Whitney invented interchangeable parts and the cotton gin.
The Southern Economy in the 1800s
considered the Cotton capital of the South.
Memphis, TN
The north was an industrial society whose economy was based on manufacturing. Industrialists were people who invented useful devices in the Industrial Revolution.
Industrialists
invented the telegraph.
Samuel Morse
invented the mechanical reaper.
Cyrus McCormick
invented the sewing machine.
Elias Home and Isaac Singer
created the first steamboat.
Robert Fulton
created the first steam powered locomotive.
Peter Cooper
a time where machines took the place of many hand tools. Much of the power once provided by people and horses began to be replaced, first by flowing water and then by steam engines. A consequence of industrialization was the deforestation and mineral extraction of the north
Industrial Revolution
was a labor production model invented by Francis Cabot Lowell in Massachusetts in the 19th century. The system was designed so that every step of the manufacturing process was done under one roof and the work was performed by young adult women instead of children or young men
Lowell System
This Revolution began in Europe and was brought to the United States by this man. He was an apprentice of Richard Arkwright, memorizing Arkwright’s designs of machines which he brought to the U.S.
Samuel Slater
based on industrialism but also included lots of small farms. The factories relied on cheap, immigrant labor.
The Northern Economy in the 1800s
were both significant transportation improvements during the industrial age. This was encouraged further with the infection of steamboats and locomotives
National Road and Erie Canal
The Reason to migrate to the United States was because of a potato famine. They were viewed and treated as slaves.
Irish Immigration
Reasons to migrate to the United States was because of a failed revolution in their country. Most German immigrants had some wealth and could join the movement west into the Ohio Valley.
German Immigration
The centerpiece of Henry Clay’s statecraft was an integrated economic program. This envisioned a protective tariff, a national bank jointly owned by private stockholders and the federal government, and federal subsidies for transportation projects. Public lands in the West were to be sold rather than given away to homesteaders, so the proceeds could be used for education and internal improvements. The program was intended to promote economic development and diversification, reduce dependence on imports, and tie together the different sections of the country.
American System
Motivations for people to emigrate out of a nation
Push factors
Reasons for people to immigrate to a specific nation
Pull Factors
this case established that the federal government controlled interstate commerce.
Givens v. Ogden
this case said that states could not tax the National Bank. “The power to tax involves the power to destroy.” States cannot pass a law that violates a federal law.
McCulloch v. Maryland
In the Election of 1824, Andrew Jackson received the most votes, but not the electoral college. The House of Representatives would have to decide the election winner. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House. John Quincy Adams won the election and appointed Henry Clay Secretary of State, because he helped him win the election. Jackson reacted with fury and called this the ________________
“Corrupt Bargain”
the 7th president of the United States. He changed the way people saw the presidency. Known as the people’s president or the common man president, he appealed to the common American and expanded the right to vote to most white men.
Andrew Jackson
the spread of voting rights and democratic ideas. Before Jackson became president, only white males who owned land could vote. Due to Jacksonian Democracy, Jackson made it where all white males could vote.
Jacksonian Democracy
the practice of rewarding government jobs to loyal supporters of the party that wins the election. Andrew Jackson started this.
Spoils System
Expanded voting rights to white, male non-property owners, created a Supreme Court, disenfranchised African Americans
Tennessee Constitution of 1834
In the year 1831, a slave called Nat Turner led a large revolt against white southern slaveholders. He and some slaves went throughout the south and killed over sixty white slave owners including the children and wives of them. After a time, he was eventually captured and executed, but not before claiming that it was God that had sent him to slay the slaveholders. His plans of rebellion did not work in his favor though, for many innocent African Americans died after being suspected of similar rebellions. Slave codes, or laws that further enslaved African Americans and denied them the most basic of rights, were strengthened, and slaves became afraid to revolt again for a long time in fear of their lives.
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Hatred of Second Bank of the US became an issue in Jackson’s second term. Henry Clay, supporter of the bank, brought the charter up for renewal early – in an attempt to alienate voters from Jackson. Plan backfired because Jackson made the bank seem like an evil institution, a threat to liberty/democracy
Bank Crisis
Our government was formed on a system known as federalism. In 1828, a crisis occurred over the balancing of power between the state and government. The crisis began when the government issued a tariff on iron, textiles, and other manufactured goods. Vice President Calhoun argued that the states had the right of nullification, an action by a state that cancels a federal law to which the state objects. This mimicked the efforts of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798-99 to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Nullification Crisis
gave Andrew Jackson the authority to offer Native American nations land west of the Mississippi in exchange for lands in the east. It also provided Jackson money for these laws to be carried out.
Indian Removal Act
Believing they had no choice, many Native Americans signed treaties and began the difficult journey west. This started the forced march of the Cherokee nation into an Indian reservation. Of the 15,000 that started the journey, 4,000 died.
Trail of Tears
a Cherokee man, who created the first Native American written language.
Sequoyah
Declared that Georgia laws “can have no force” within Cherokee territory
Worcester v. Georgia
a religious revival that grew out of the expansion of democratic participation during the Age of Jackson. Preachers like Charles Finney led large tent revivals that inspired great emotional outpouring. Believers rejected older ideals of predestination and embraced the idea that sinners could be saved through good works.
The Second Great Awakening
worked hard to create cleaner, more sanitary prisons. Dix was outraged to find that prisons were also used to house the mentally ill and fought for new separate facilities for the mentally ill.
Dorothea Dix
led a movement to improve public education. Soon, most northeastern states had implemented some form of public education, funded by public taxpayer money. In 1855, Massachusetts became the first state to admit African Americans into public schools. The south and the west did not implement public education on a large scale for several decades
Horace Mann
Life for women in the 1800s was not pleasant. Those who had led the abolitionist movement turned their concerns here, but only after Elizabeth Cady Stanton was denied attending a political meeting in London while on her honeymoon. She then met Lucrietta Mott, who became yet another leader of the movement. Together, they went home and held the now famous Seneca Falls Convention, at which Stanton famously wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, a play off of the Declaration of Independence in which the American woman declared herself free of the oppression of the American man. Susan B. Anthony was also a huge leader in this movement.
Women’s Suffrage
upon hearing that she and her friend Lucretia Mott could not attend a London meeting, created the Seneca Falls Convention in New York the following year. This Convention also saw the writing of her Declaration of Sentiments, as previously stated, and hosted about three hundred women and men.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
It was after she attended the Seneca Falls Convention that this major women’s suffragette became famous. A very close ally of Stanton, she was unmarried, and therefore could easily travel and devote herself to the cause. With Stanton, she helped to launch the National Woman Suffragette Association in the year 1869. Soon, after a slow start, there were small victories for gender equality in the U.S., like laws protecting the rights for women to own property.
Susan B. Anthony
spoke out against discrimination. Born in New York as a slave, she actually escaped from her master into freedom with her infant daughter. She could not read or write, for being both African American and a woman she was not allowed to obtain a real education. However Truth was one of the most famous orators, or public speakers, of her time. She spoke for African Americans and for women and her most famous speech is “Ain’t I A Woman?” given unplanned after hearing what some men that did not believe in equality had to say.
Sojourner Truth
became one of the most famous leaders of the northern abolitionist movement, or movement to end slavery. She herself had escaped being enslaved in the south, but had returned and helped more than 3,000 other slaves escape to freedom. In a famous quote to Frederick Douglas, she claimed that in nineteen trips to help more people, she had not not had one not make it yet to freedom. There was a $40,000 reward in the south for anyone that caught her, though she never was. People gave her the nickname “Black Moses,” for helping so many people as he had helped the last of the Israelites flee Egypt.
Harriet Tubman
This was a large, complex network of undisclosed locations managed by black and white people that helped slaves escape to freedom. There were no trains involved in the moving of these slaves. Working for it was illegal and highly dangerous, but “conductors” did it anyway. These slaves were led from station to station that could be anything from homes of abolitionists to abandoned churches. People often helped in ways other than conducting, like donating money and clothes to the slaves. It is believed that there were upwards of fifty thousand slaves that escaped into free territory this way.
Underground Railroad
a noun that means feelings and behavior that show a desire to help other people and a lack of selfishness. This quality inspired movements like the Underground Railroad and the conductors that worked on it had to have this attribute to do their jobs.
Altruism
a key speaker for the abolitionist movement. He actually broke the law when he learned how to read and write, a crime punishable by one hundred lashes with a whip that had a frayed end and glass shards attached to it. He actually mailed himself in a crate with nothing but a biscuit and a little bit of water into free territory. He spoke often at antislavery rallies, a risk that he could have been sent back into slavery for, but continued on anyway. He began to publish an antislavery newspaper known as the North Star.
Fredrick Douglass
This quaker is yet another influential man of the abolitionist movement. His religion strongly opposed slavery, but he was even more so than most. He published an abolitionist newspaper as well called the Liberator in 1831. The paper did not end until the practice of slavery itself did. He also co-founded a society called the New England Anti-Slavery Society, which was later named the American Anti-Slave Society. Once, during an attack on a society meeting, Garrison was actually targeted and was dragged through the streets of Boston, Massachusetts with a rope tied around his neck. The state of Georgia also offered a $5,000 reward for his arrest and conviction, and as an indirect result of his actions a “gag act” was passed, which made it illegal to discuss any antislavery petitions
William Lloyd Garrison
This Tennessee man was making huge antislavery strides. He began to publish the first newspaper entirely dedicated to the abolishment of slavery from Johannesburg, Tennessee. It was called the Manumission Intelligencer. Only a dozen of these papers made it to the twentieth century. Later renamed The Emancipator, it was actually very popular in the slave state.
Elihu Embree
