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bio 152 > 152 final > Flashcards

152 final Flashcards

1
Q

hormonal regulation in males

A

hypothalamus releases GnRH, anterior pituitary releases FSH (stim sertoli cells to begin spermatogenesis, inhibits further fsh secretion) and LH (stim interstitial cells to release testosterone that maintains secondary sex characteristics, inhibits further LH and GnRH secretion)

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2
Q

stages of spermatogeneis (6)

A

1) DNA replication (46 to 92)
2) Mitosis (92 to 46 and 46 for identical cells)
3) primary spermatocyte goes through DNA replication (46 to 92)
4) meiosis 1 completes cross over for genetic variance (92 to 46 & 46)
5) secondary spermatocyte completes meiosis 2 (46 & 46 into 23, 23, 23, 23)
6) spermiogenesis (spermies remodeled)
6) spermiation, sperms lose attachment and enter lumen

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3
Q

stages of oogenesis (5)

A

1) DNA replication (46 to 92)
2) mitosis (92 to 46 (primary oocyte))
3) primary oocyte begins meiosis 1 (46 to 92)
- —————-birth————————-
4) (92 to 46 and polar body), meiosis 1 complete, secondary oocyte retains all cytoplasm
5) meiosis 2 completed AFTER fertilization, ovum contains all cytoplasm and organelles, proteins for many cell divisions without growth (cleavage)

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4
Q

explain the milk let-down reflex

A

hypothalamus released PRL-RH to anterior pituitary and N/A to posterior pituitary, Apit releases PRL, Ppit releases oxytocin. BOTH contribute to a positive feedback loop

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5
Q

neurons in the hypothalamus produce ______ to regulate anterior pituitary hormones

A

tropic hormones

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6
Q

what kinds of hormones are water soluble

A

Amino acids and peptide hormones

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7
Q

what kinds of hormones are lipid soluble

A

sterioid hormones (oid, one, T4/T3)

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8
Q

3 ways endocrine gland secretion is stimulated

A

humoral stimuli (nutrients in blood), hormonal stimuli (in response to other hormones), and neural stimuli (hypothalamus stimulates the release of E/NE, ADH, OT0

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9
Q

parallel muscles

A

largest change in length. eg- biceps brachii

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10
Q

convergent muscles

A

vary direction of pull. eg- pectoralis major

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11
Q

pennate muscles

A

can produce a lot of tension. eg- unipennate = extensor digitorum, bipennate = rectus femoris, multipennate = deltoid

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12
Q

circular muscles

A

control opening/closing of body

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13
Q

mitochondria

A

provide ATP for contraction/relaxation

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14
Q

multiple nuclei

A

pushed to edge of cell

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15
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

has Ca pumps

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16
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle cell membrane

17
Q

muscle shortens

A

isotonic, concentric contraction

18
Q

muscle lengthens

A

isotonic, eccentric contraction

19
Q

muscle stays at same length

A

isometric contraction

20
Q

factors affecting strength of whole muscle contraction

A

frequency of stimulation
number of muscle fibers contracting
type of muscle fiber

21
Q

slow oxidative fibers

A

slow contract, slow fatigue. maintains low intensity contractions, aerobic

22
Q

intermeddiate

A

aerobic, interediate resistance to muscle fatigue

23
Q

fast glycolytic

A

fast contract fast fatigue. anaerobic

24
Q

purpose of oxygen debt

A

restore levels of ATP, glycogen, remove lactic acid

25
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

layers of bone matrix that wrap around osteons

26
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

layers of bone matrix that fills the gaps between osteons

27
Q

3 functions of trabeculae

A

withstand stress from different directions
reduce weight
protect red marrow where blood cells are formed

28
Q

appositiional growth

A
  • osteoclasts in endosteum remove bone matrix in medullary cavity
  • osteoblasts in periosteum add bone in circumferential lamellae
  • circumferential lamellae remodelled into osteons
29
Q

3 ways sound waves are characterized

A

pitch, intensity, timbre

bio 152 (2 decks)

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