15.1 Basic Concepts

Question 1

Family

Answer 1

A group of individuals related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption, who form an economic unit, the adult members of which are responsible for the upbringing of children

Question 2

Kinship

Answer 2

A relation that links individuals through blood ties, marriage, or adoption

Kinship relations are part of marriage and family but they extend much more broadly

Kinship is of vital importance to social life

Question 3

Mariage

Answer 3

A socially approved relationship between 2 individuals

Marriage historically has involved 2 people of opposite sexes but in modern day, marriage between same-sex partners was ruled legal in the US

Question 4

Family of Procreation

Answer 4

Marriage can form the basis of a family of procreation - that is, it is expected that the married couple will produce and bring up children

Question 5

Nuclear Family

Answer 5

A family group consisting of 2 adults and dependant children

Question 6

Extended Family

Answer 6

A family group consisting of more than 2 generations of relatives living either within the same household or very close to one another.

Question 7

Extended Fmaily

Answer 7

A family group consisting of more than 2 generations of relatives living wither within the same household or very close to one another

Question 8

Families of orientation

Answer 8

The families into which individuals are born.

Also known as families of origin

Question 9

Families of Procreation

Answer 9

The families individuals initiate through marriage, cohabitation, or by having children

Question 10

Matrilocal

Answer 10

A family system in which the husband is expected to live near the wife’s parents

Question 11

Patrilocal

Answer 11

A family system in which the wife is expected to live near the husband’s parents

Question 12

Monogamy

Answer 12

A form of marriage in which each married partner is allowed only one spouse at any given time

Question 13

Polygamy

Answer 13

A form of marriage in which a person may have two or more spouses simultaneously

Question 14

Polygyny

Answer 14

A form of marriage in which a man may simultaneously have 2 or more wives

Question 15

Polyandry

Answer 15

A form of marriage in which a woman may simultaneously have 2 or more husbands

Question 16

Lawrence Stone distinguished 3 phases in the development of the family

Answer 16

• 15th to 17th century
• 17th to 18th century
• mid 18th to mid 20th century

Question 17

15th to 17th century (Development of Family)

Answer 17

A type of nuclear family existed that lived in small households but maintained deeply embedded relationships within the community and with kin

Question 18

17th to 18th century (Development of Family)

Answer 18

In the upper classes, the nuclear family became a more separate entity with a growing emphasis on martial and parental love.

Paternal power increased

Question 19

Mid 18th to mid 20th century ( Development of Family )

Answer 19

Family is defined by close emotional bonds, domestic privacy, and child-rearing.

it is marked by affective individualism, courtship and marriage based on personal choice, and sexual attraction or romance love

Question 20

Affective individualism

Answer 20

The belief in romantic attachment as a basis for contracting marriage ties

Question 21

Themes of European Family Systems that Left a Legacy on American Family Life

Answer 21

1. Prominent religious regulation by Christian Churches
2. Extreme inequality and separate family worlds of the rich and the poor
3. Family relations were not matters of personal preference or choice; marriage was a political and economic institution for maintaining lineages, creating alliances, and arranging cooperation in labour
4. Patriarchy

Question 22

Patriarchy

Answer 22

The system of men’s control over property and fathers’ authority over all family members

Question 23

Change brought by democracy and industrialism created conflict within the family

Answer 23

• The patriarchal ideal of the man as the economic provider of the family became a powerful symbol
• Women started embracing the growing ideology of individualism and personal freedom
• The latter was met with a strong conservative backlash

Question 24

Compromise Made With Marriage (New Ideals, New Traditions)

Answer 24

A compromise was made: women were still considered free, and the concept of male authority began to be replaced by the idea of men as “protectors” of women, while women cared for, loved, and nurtured their husbands.

This laid the foundation for what came to be known as separate spheres

Question 25

Courtship

Answer 25

This emerged as a compromise young people had some element of choice about their partner, but they remained under parental control

Question 26

Industrial Revolution and Gender Roles

Answer 26

The Industrial Revolution reinforced the division of gender roles for men and women.

As men became workers outside of home, the cultural doctrine of separate spheres emerged, under which women were to work at home, to make it a sanctuary from the industrial world in which their husbands worked for pay

Separate spheres was most strongly embraced by the expanding white- collar middle class in urban areas

Question 27

Power - Men VS. Women

Answer 27

Though men wielded economic power, women were emboldened by thier power over the home and sought recognition for their work

Question 28

Rules About Marriage In the Industrial Era

Answer 28

In the Industrial era, the state’s practical authority over marriage increased as it began to enforce a national “monogamous morality” by law

Question 29

State’s Rules for Marriage

Answer 29

The state’s rules for marraige included:

• Monogamy
• A moral standard for women to be faithful to their husbands
• Husbands were to support their wives and children economically

Question 30

Widow and Orphans

Answer 30

In the male-centred wage economy, widows and orphans had no means of monetary support

A new system of poorhouses, orphanages, penitentiaries, and almshouses arose for the supervision of these people

Question 31

Rudimentary Welfare System Relating to Widows and orphans

Answer 31

The isolation of those in need of assistance from the rest of the population in residential institutions sometimes for life

• inadequate care due to a lack of resources and ineffective or nonexistent government regulation