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C15- ALCOHOLS > 15.1- ALCOHOLS INTRODUCTION > Flashcards

15.1- ALCOHOLS INTRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

What is our possibly oldest social drug?

A

ethanol

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2
Q

How can ethanol be derived?

A

from the fermentation of sugars in fruits

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3
Q

What is the alcohol in alcoholic drinks?

A

ethanol

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4
Q

What can ethanol in moderation promote?

A

promote feeling of well-being and reduce normal inhibitions

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5
Q

What is ethanol, in reference to the nervous system?

A

ethanol is a nervous system depressant

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6
Q

What is an example of ethanol being a nervous system depressant?

A

interferes with the transmission of nerve impulses

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7
Q

What can having larger amounts of ethanol lead to?

A

loss of balance, poor hand-eye coordination, impaired vision, and inability to judge speed

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8
Q

What can large amounts of ethanol be described as?

A

fatal

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9
Q

What can excessive long-term use of ethanol lead to?

A

alcoholism

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10
Q

What happens to the ethanol in alcoholic drinks by the body?

A

absorbed through the walls of the stomach + small intestine into bloodstream

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11
Q

How is some ethanol eliminated from the body?

A

unchanged in urine and in the breath

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12
Q

What happens to the rest of the ethanol left in the body?

A

broken down by the liver

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13
Q

From the combined effects of both processes of elimination of ethanol, how much can the average person eliminate in an hour?

A

10cm^3 of ethanol per hour

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14
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

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15
Q

How reactive are alcohols?

A

relatively reactive

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16
Q

What is the most commonly encountered alcohol in everyday life?

A

ethanol

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17
Q

What is the general formula of an alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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18
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols often shortened to?

A

ROH

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19
Q

What suffix represents the functional group?

A

suffix -ol

20
Q

When is the prefix hydroxyl- used?

A

if some other functional groups are present

21
Q

What must be shown with chains longer than ethanol?

A

number to show where the -OH group is

22
Q

What is used if there is more than one -OH group?

A

di-, tri-, tetra-

23
Q

What is numbers used for?

A

where the -OH groups are

24
Q

What is propane-1,2,3-triol also known as?

A

glycerol

25
Q

How can glycerol be obtained?

A

from fats + oils found in living organisms

26
Q

In alcohols, how many bonding pairs of electrons + lone pairs are there in the oxygen atoms?

A

oxygen atom has 2 bonding pairs of electrons + two lone pairs

27
Q

In alcohols, what is the C-O-H angle size?

A

about 105°

28
Q

Why is the C-O-H angle about 105° in alcohols?

A

as the 109.5° angle of a perfect tetrahedron is “squeezed down” by presence of lone pairs

29
Q

What would the two lone pairs of the oxygen atom in alcohol do?

A

repel each other more than pairs of electrons in covalent bond

30
Q

How are alcohols classified?

A

primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°)

31
Q

How are the alcohols classified as primary, secondary or tertiary?

A

according to how many other groups (R) bonded to carbon that has -OH group

32
Q

In a primary alcohol, how many R groups are attached to the carbon with the -OH group?

A

one R group (so 2 hydrogen atoms)

33
Q

Where is the -OH group in a primary alcohol?

A

at the end of the chain

34
Q

In a secondary alcohol, how many R groups are attached to the carbon with the -OH group?

A

two R groups (so 1 hydrogen atom)

35
Q

Where is the -OH group in a secondary alcohol?

A

in the body of the chain

36
Q

In a tertiary alcohol, how many R groups are attacked to the carbon with the -OH group?

A

three R groups (so no hydrogen atoms)

37
Q

Where it the -OH group in a tertiary alcohol?

A

at a branch in the chain

38
Q

What bonding does the -OH group in alcohols allow?

A

hydrogen bonding between molecules

39
Q

Do alcohols or alkanes have higher melting + boiling points of same relative molecular mass?

A

alcohols have higher melting + boiling points

40
Q

What can the -OH group of alcohols hydrogen bond to?

A

water molecules

41
Q

What part of an alcohol cannot hydrogen bond to water molecules?

A

non-polar hydrocarbon chain

42
Q

As the non-polar hydrocarbon chain of alcohols cannot hydrogen bond to water molecules, what does this mean for alcohols with short hydrocarbon chains?

A

they’re soluble in water

43
Q

Why are alcohols with short hydrocarbon chains soluble in water?

A

hydrogen bonding predominates

44
Q

What predominates in longer-chain alcohols?

A

non-polar hydrocarbon chain dominates

45
Q

What does it mean as the non-polar hydrocarbon chain dominates in longer-chain alcohols?

A

alcohols become insoluble in water

C15- ALCOHOLS (3 decks)

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