15 Performance Based Navigation (PBN) Flashcards
What are the key differences between conventional navigation and performance based navigation?
- Conventional nav is sensor based, where as PBN is performance based
- Conventional nav is read from the raw data, where as PBN is read from computed data
- Conventional nav has little to no performance monitoring / alerting where as PBN does
With regards to an Airspace Concept, what are Strategic Objectives?
- Key objectives to be met within the airspace
- E.g.
- Capacity (spacing)
- Environment
- Noise Reduction
- AC type
- Safety
What are the key components of an Airspace Concept?
- Air Traffic Management (ATM)
- Communications (COMS)
- ATS Surveillance
- Navigation (PBN)
What are the key components of a PBN system?
- Navigation Infrastructure: VOR / GNSS / DME / +new tech
- Navigation Specifications: standards nav systems must adhere to
- Navigation Application: how the specifications and infrastructure will be applied to the airspace
What are the key points regarding Navigation Specifications for PBN?
- Accuracy
- Integrity
- Continuity
- Functionality
- Availability
With regards to the Accuracy component of Navigation Specification, what is the Total System Error and what are its components?
- Difference between the desired path and the true path
- Path Definition Error (PDE): errors between the path defined in the RNAV database and the desired path
- Flight Technical Error (FTE): errors caused by the pilot or AP’s ability to follow the desired path
- Navigation System Error (NSE): errors between the AC estimated position and it’s actual position
With regards to the Integrity component of Navigation Specification, what are the parameters which define Integrity?
- Integrity Risk
- Time Alert
- Protection Level / Accuracy Level
- Alert Limit / Containment Limit
With regards to PBN, what form of performance is required for the following operations:
- Oceanic / Remote
- En-Route
- Terminal
- Approach
- Oceanic / Remote, En-Route and Terminal Operations: Linear lateral performance requirements and time constraints
- Approach Operations: Linear and Angular lateral performance requirements
Describe the following PBN function, IF:
- Name
- It’s function
- Initial Fix
- Point in space
- RNAV procedures start at an IF
Describe the following PBN function, TF:
- Name
- It’s function
- Track to a Fix
- Preferred type of straight legs between two waypoints
Describe the following PBN function, CF:
- Name
- It’s function
- Course to a Fix
- A particular heading terminating in a waypoint
Describe the following PBN function, DF:
- Name
- It’s function
- Direct to a Fix
- From an unspecified location direct to a known waypoint
Describe the following PBN function, FA:
- Name
- It’s function
- Track from a Fix to an Altitude
- Starts at a Fix and ends when at or above a specific altitude
Describe the following PBN function, CA:
- Name
- It’s function
- Course to an Altitude
- Course which terminates at or above a specific altitude
- Departures and missed approaches
Describe the following PBN function, RA:
- Name
- It’s function
- Radius to Fix
- Curved path with defined radius, arc length and Fix
- Terminal and approach procedures
Describe the following PBN function, FRT:
- Name
- It’s function
- Fixed Radius Transition
- RNP system creates a turn between two route segments
- Specific radii
- 22.5nm - High altitude routes (>FL195)
- 15nm - Low altitude routes
- En-route procedures
What RNP and RNAV specifications are used to fly Oceanic/Remote Navigation Applications?
- RNP 4
- RNP 2
- RNAV 10
What RNP and RNAV specifications are used to fly En-Route, Terminal and Approach Navigation Applications?
- RNP 2
- RNP 1
- Advanced RNP
- RNP APCH
- RNP AR APCH
- RNP 0.3
- RNAV 5
- RNAV 2
- RNAV 1
What is the key difference between RNP and RNAV systems?
RNP has onboard performance monitoring and alerting, where as RNAV does not
How does the navigational computer of a simple 2D-RNAV system compute navigational problems by?
Simple Sin and Cos mathematics, solving triangular problems
Regarding PBN Navigation Specifications, what is the definition of ‘Continuity’?
The system is able to function with the specified level of accuracy and integrity during the intended operation
Regarding PBN Navigation Specifications, what is the definition of ‘Integrity’?
The level of trust that can be placed in the navigation system
With regards to PBN, oceanic/remote, en-route and terminal phases of flight is limited to operations with what sort of requirements?
- Linear performance
- Lateral performance
- Time constraints
With regards to PBN, approach phases of flight accommodate what sort of operations?
- Linear lateral guided operations
- Angular lateral guided operations
What are the basic functional requirements of of RNAV and RNP specifications?
- Lateral deviation
- Distance/bearing to active waypoint
- Groundspeed or time to active waypoint
- Navigation data storage
- Failure indication
Regarding PBN, when operating in RNAV 10 airspace (for example) what is the required navigation accuracy?
- +- 10nm lateral accuracy
- For 95% of the flight time by population of AC operating in the airspace
With regards to PBN, what are the components of a Holding Pattern?
- Holding waypoint
- Inbound course
- Turn direction
- Leg time / distance
If the loss of PBN capability occurs, what should be used?
Abnormal and contingency procedures are too be used
RNAV 10 requires aircraft operating in oceanic and remote areas be equipped with?
- At least 2 independent and serviceable long range navigation systems
- Comprising of an INS, IRS/FMS or GNSS
Advanced RNP incorporates the navigation specifications of what?
- RNAV 5
- RNAV 2
- RNAV 1
- RNP 5
- RNP 2
- RNP 1
- RNP APCH
With regards to PBN, what type of approach is an LNAV minima and what sort of operation is it?
- Non-precision approach
- 2D operation
With regards to PBN, what type of approach is an LP minima and what sort of operation is it?
- Non-precision approach
- 2D Operation
With regards to PBN, what type of approach is an LNAV/VNAV minima and what sort of operation is it?
- APV (approach with vertical guidance)
- 3D operation
With regards to PBN, an LNAV/VNAV minima using a barometric sensor:
- Is it affected by temperature
- When can it be flown
- What is the effect of the altimeter setting
- Is remote altimeter settings allowed
- It is affected by temperature
- Can be flown when the aerodrome temp is within the promulgated range, unless the AC has an approved temp correction system
- Altimeter setting is critical to safe conduct
- Remote altimeter settings are NOT allowed
With regards to PBN, what type of approach is an LPV minima and what sort of operation is it?
- Approach with Vertical guidance (APV)
- 3D operation
When can an RNP APCH be flown?
- When it is retrievable by procedure name from the on board navigation database
- Conforms to the charted procedure
What are the two types of procedures which should be used in case of loss of PBN capability and what situations should they be used in?
Abnormal procedures: used to address cautions and warnings for:
- Failure of navigation system components
- RAIM alert
- Warning flags for VNAV or LNAV
- Low altitude alert
Contingency procedures: used when there is a complete loss of PBN
