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Radio Navigation > 15 Performance Based Navigation (PBN) > Flashcards

15 Performance Based Navigation (PBN) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key differences between conventional navigation and performance based navigation?

A
  • Conventional nav is sensor based, where as PBN is performance based
  • Conventional nav is read from the raw data, where as PBN is read from computed data
  • Conventional nav has little to no performance monitoring / alerting where as PBN does
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2
Q

With regards to an Airspace Concept, what are Strategic Objectives?

A
  • Key objectives to be met within the airspace
  • E.g.
  • Capacity (spacing)
  • Environment
  • Noise Reduction
  • AC type
  • Safety
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3
Q

What are the key components of an Airspace Concept?

A
  • Air Traffic Management (ATM)
  • Communications (COMS)
  • ATS Surveillance
  • Navigation (PBN)
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4
Q

What are the key components of a PBN system?

A
  • Navigation Infrastructure: VOR / GNSS / DME / +new tech
  • Navigation Specifications: standards nav systems must adhere to
  • Navigation Application: how the specifications and infrastructure will be applied to the airspace
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5
Q

What are the key points regarding Navigation Specifications for PBN?

A
  • Accuracy
  • Integrity
  • Continuity
  • Functionality
  • Availability
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6
Q

With regards to the Accuracy component of Navigation Specification, what is the Total System Error and what are its components?

A
  • Difference between the desired path and the true path
  • Path Definition Error (PDE): errors between the path defined in the RNAV database and the desired path
  • Flight Technical Error (FTE): errors caused by the pilot or AP’s ability to follow the desired path
  • Navigation System Error (NSE): errors between the AC estimated position and it’s actual position
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7
Q

With regards to the Integrity component of Navigation Specification, what are the parameters which define Integrity?

A
  • Integrity Risk
  • Time Alert
  • Protection Level / Accuracy Level
  • Alert Limit / Containment Limit
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8
Q

With regards to PBN, what form of performance is required for the following operations:

  • Oceanic / Remote
  • En-Route
  • Terminal
  • Approach
A
  • Oceanic / Remote, En-Route and Terminal Operations: Linear lateral performance requirements and time constraints
  • Approach Operations: Linear and Angular lateral performance requirements
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9
Q

Describe the following PBN function, IF:

  • Name
  • It’s function
A
  • Initial Fix
  • Point in space
  • RNAV procedures start at an IF
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10
Q

Describe the following PBN function, TF:

  • Name
  • It’s function
A
  • Track to a Fix

- Preferred type of straight legs between two waypoints

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11
Q

Describe the following PBN function, CF:

  • Name
  • It’s function
A
  • Course to a Fix

- A particular heading terminating in a waypoint

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12
Q

Describe the following PBN function, DF:

  • Name
  • It’s function
A
  • Direct to a Fix

- From an unspecified location direct to a known waypoint

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13
Q

Describe the following PBN function, FA:

  • Name
  • It’s function
A
  • Track from a Fix to an Altitude

- Starts at a Fix and ends when at or above a specific altitude

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14
Q

Describe the following PBN function, CA:

  • Name
  • It’s function
A
  • Course to an Altitude
  • Course which terminates at or above a specific altitude
  • Departures and missed approaches
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15
Q

Describe the following PBN function, RA:

  • Name
  • It’s function
A
  • Radius to Fix
  • Curved path with defined radius, arc length and Fix
  • Terminal and approach procedures
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16
Q

Describe the following PBN function, FRT:

  • Name
  • It’s function
A
  • Fixed Radius Transition
  • RNP system creates a turn between two route segments
  • Specific radii
  • 22.5nm - High altitude routes (>FL195)
  • 15nm - Low altitude routes
  • En-route procedures
17
Q

What RNP and RNAV specifications are used to fly Oceanic/Remote Navigation Applications?

A
  • RNP 4
  • RNP 2
  • RNAV 10
18
Q

What RNP and RNAV specifications are used to fly En-Route, Terminal and Approach Navigation Applications?

A
  • RNP 2
  • RNP 1
  • Advanced RNP
  • RNP APCH
  • RNP AR APCH
  • RNP 0.3
  • RNAV 5
  • RNAV 2
  • RNAV 1
19
Q

What is the key difference between RNP and RNAV systems?

A

RNP has onboard performance monitoring and alerting, where as RNAV does not

20
Q

How does the navigational computer of a simple 2D-RNAV system compute navigational problems by?

A

Simple Sin and Cos mathematics, solving triangular problems

21
Q

Regarding PBN Navigation Specifications, what is the definition of ‘Continuity’?

A

The system is able to function with the specified level of accuracy and integrity during the intended operation

22
Q

Regarding PBN Navigation Specifications, what is the definition of ‘Integrity’?

A

The level of trust that can be placed in the navigation system

23
Q

With regards to PBN, oceanic/remote, en-route and terminal phases of flight is limited to operations with what sort of requirements?

A
  • Linear performance
  • Lateral performance
  • Time constraints
24
Q

With regards to PBN, approach phases of flight accommodate what sort of operations?

A
  • Linear lateral guided operations

- Angular lateral guided operations

25
Q

What are the basic functional requirements of of RNAV and RNP specifications?

A
  • Lateral deviation
  • Distance/bearing to active waypoint
  • Groundspeed or time to active waypoint
  • Navigation data storage
  • Failure indication
26
Q

Regarding PBN, when operating in RNAV 10 airspace (for example) what is the required navigation accuracy?

A
  • +- 10nm lateral accuracy

- For 95% of the flight time by population of AC operating in the airspace

27
Q

With regards to PBN, what are the components of a Holding Pattern?

A
  • Holding waypoint
  • Inbound course
  • Turn direction
  • Leg time / distance
28
Q

If the loss of PBN capability occurs, what should be used?

A

Abnormal and contingency procedures are too be used

29
Q

RNAV 10 requires aircraft operating in oceanic and remote areas be equipped with?

A
  • At least 2 independent and serviceable long range navigation systems
  • Comprising of an INS, IRS/FMS or GNSS
30
Q

Advanced RNP incorporates the navigation specifications of what?

A
  • RNAV 5
  • RNAV 2
  • RNAV 1
  • RNP 5
  • RNP 2
  • RNP 1
  • RNP APCH
31
Q

With regards to PBN, what type of approach is an LNAV minima and what sort of operation is it?

A
  • Non-precision approach

- 2D operation

32
Q

With regards to PBN, what type of approach is an LP minima and what sort of operation is it?

A
  • Non-precision approach

- 2D Operation

33
Q

With regards to PBN, what type of approach is an LNAV/VNAV minima and what sort of operation is it?

A
  • APV (approach with vertical guidance)

- 3D operation

34
Q

With regards to PBN, an LNAV/VNAV minima using a barometric sensor:

  • Is it affected by temperature
  • When can it be flown
  • What is the effect of the altimeter setting
  • Is remote altimeter settings allowed
A
  • It is affected by temperature
  • Can be flown when the aerodrome temp is within the promulgated range, unless the AC has an approved temp correction system
  • Altimeter setting is critical to safe conduct
  • Remote altimeter settings are NOT allowed
35
Q

With regards to PBN, what type of approach is an LPV minima and what sort of operation is it?

A
  • Approach with Vertical guidance (APV)

- 3D operation

36
Q

When can an RNP APCH be flown?

A
  • When it is retrievable by procedure name from the on board navigation database
  • Conforms to the charted procedure
37
Q

What are the two types of procedures which should be used in case of loss of PBN capability and what situations should they be used in?

A

Abnormal procedures: used to address cautions and warnings for:

  • Failure of navigation system components
  • RAIM alert
  • Warning flags for VNAV or LNAV
  • Low altitude alert

Contingency procedures: used when there is a complete loss of PBN

Radio Navigation (15 decks)

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