15 - Neoplasia 4 Flashcards
What are the commonest types of cancer in adults and children?
Adults –> breast, lung, prostate and bowel
Children (under 14) –> leukaemias, CNS tumours and lymphomas
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/379/747/227/a_image_thumb.jpg?1553245447)
What is the biggest cause of cancer-related death in the UK?
LUNG
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/379/747/229/a_image_thumb.png?1553245521)
How do the survival rates from different malignant neoplasms vary?
5 year survival:
- Testicular and Melanoma (90-98%)
- Breast (87%)
- Lung (10%)
- Pancreatic (3%)
- Oesophageal (15%)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/379/747/238/a_image_thumb.png?1553245636)
When predicting the outcome of having a malignant neoplasm, what do you need to take into consideration?
- Availability of effective treatment
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/379/747/240/a_image_thumb.png?1553245746)
What is the commonest way to assess the extent of a solid tumour?
TNM staging system
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/379/747/242/a_image_thumb.jpg?1553246063)
T: size of primary tumour T1 to T4
N: extent of regional node metastases via lymphatics N0 to N3
M: extent of distant metastatic spread via blood M0 to M1
How is the TNM staging converted into a stage?
T, N, M score converted into stage I to IV
Stage I: early local disease
Stage II: advanced local disease
Stage III: regional metastasis
Stage IV: advanced disease with distant metastasis
EACH CANCER HAS ITS OWN STAGING SYSTEM
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/379/747/244/a_image_thumb.png?1553246221)
How is lymphoma staged?
Ann Arbor Staging
Stage I: lymphoma in single node region
Stage II: two separate regions on one side of the diaphragm
Stage III: spread to both sides of the diaphragm
Stage IV: disseminated involvement of one or more extra-lymphatic organs e.g bone marrow or lung
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/379/747/246/a_image_thumb.png?1553249864)
Why is staging important?
Critical to predict outcome/survival and decide method of treatment
How do you stage colorectal carcinoma?
Dukes staging (but TNM preferred)
A: invasion into but not through the bowel
B: invasion through the bowel wall
C: involvement of lymph nodes
D: distant metastases
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/379/747/250/a_image_thumb.jpg?1553250414)
What is the grading system for cancer?
G1: well differentiated
G2: moderately differentiated
G3: poorly differentiated
G4: undifferentiated or anaplastic
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/379/747/254/a_image_thumb.png?1553250567)
How is breast carcinoma graded?
Modified Bloom-Richardson system
Assess tubule formation, nuclear variation and numer of mitoses
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/379/747/259/a_image_thumb.png?1553250974)
Normally staging is more important than grading for carcinomas, what are the exceptions to this?
Grading is important for prognosis of:
- Soft tissue sarcoma
- Primary brain tumours
- Lymphomas
- Breast cancer
- Prostate cancer
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/379/747/261/a_image_thumb.png?1553251126)
What are the different ways of treating cancer?
- Radio
- Chemo
- Hormone therapy
- Targeted molecular therapies
- SURGERY
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/379/747/264/a_image_thumb.png?1553251214)
What is adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment?
Adjuvant: treatment given after surgical removement to eliminate subclinical disease and rellapse
Neoadjuvant: treatment given to reduce size of primary tumour and make it operable prior to surgical excision
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/379/747/266/a_image_thumb.jpg?1553251314)
How does radiation therapy work?
- High dose radiation targeted at a tumour whilst shielding the surrounding healthy tissue
- Given in fractionated doses to minimise tissue damage
- X rays or ionising radiation kill dividing cells, normally in G2, due to DNA damage and apoptosis
- Double stranded DNA breakages prevent M phase completing so apoptosis
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/379/747/269/a_image_thumb.png?1553251468)
What are the different types of chemotherapy drugs?
All target the proliferating cells and there are non-specific
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/379/747/273/a_image_thumb.png?1553251770)
- Antimetabolites: mimic DNA substrates in replication so cancer cannot replicate e.g fluorouracil
- Alkylating and Platinum-based agents: cross link DNA helix so cannot replicate, e.g cisplasin (testicular) and cyclophosphamide
- Antibiotics: work in lots of ways, doxorubicin inhibits DNA topoisomerase needed for DNA synthesis, bleomycin causes double stranded DNA break
- Plant Derived drugs: e.g vincristine which blocks microtubule assembly and interferes with mitotic spindle formation