1.5- Jan 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

define the tree of life

A

a family tree of organisms that describe the genealogical relationships among species with a single ancestral species at its base

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2
Q

define phylogeny

A

the actual genealogical relationships among all organisms

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3
Q

are phylogenies always built using sequence data?

A

no, can be built on other things (trees)

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4
Q

what is a phylogenetic tree used for

A
  • to show relationships between species
  • branches that share a recent common ancestor rep. closely related species
  • branches that do not share recent common ancestor are distantly related
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5
Q

universal tree or tree of life

A
  • includes diverse array of species
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6
Q

what is the universal tree’s main node

A

the common ancestor of all living species
(LUCA= last universal common ancestor)

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7
Q

can one species be more primitive than another species?

A

no, because they are both alive at the same time

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8
Q

what are the three major groups of organisms

A
  • eukarya
  • bacteria
  • archaea
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9
Q

true or false?
fungi and animals are more closely related to each other than either is to plants

A

true!

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10
Q

define taxonomy

A

the effort to name and classify organisms

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11
Q

what is a taxon

A

a named group

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12
Q

what is a domain

A

new taxonomic level
consisting of:
- bacteria
- archaea
- eukarya

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13
Q

define phylum

A

a major lineage within a domain

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14
Q

define genus

A

made up closely related group of species

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15
Q

define species

A

made up of individuals that regularly breed together or have characteristics that are distinct from those of other species

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16
Q

how are scientific names identified

A

italicized

17
Q

how are genus names identified

A

capitalized

18
Q

are species names capitalized

A

no

19
Q

how does artificial selection work

A

humans can select certain individuals to produce the most offspring

20
Q

what are the two steps of a hypothesis

A
  1. state the hypothesis as precisely as possible and list predictions
  2. design an observational or experimental study that is capable of testing those predictions
21
Q

what does a pedometer hypothesis state

A
  • ants always know how far they are from the nest
  • because they track the number of steps taken
  • and they know length of their side
22
Q

what three groups did Wittlinger’s group manipulate the ants into?

A
  1. stumps
  2. normal
  3. stilts
23
Q

what does the null hypothesis state

A

what we should observe if the hypothesis being tested does not hold

24
Q

what were the results of the ant experiment

A

stumps- stopped short of the nest
normal- ants returned to rest
stilts- walked beyond the nest

25
Q

what was the conclusion of the ant experiment

A

desert ants use info on stride length and number to calculate how far they are from the nest

26
Q

what are the characteristics of a good experimental design

A
  1. includes control group (normal ants)
  2. experimental conditions were controlled to eliminate other variables
  3. test was repeated to reduce effects of small sample size