1.3, 1.4- Jan 12

Question 1

What was the paradigm before Darwin?

Answer 1

Special creation

Question 2

What is another name for special creation

Answer 2

Natural theology

Question 3

Describe the special creation model

Answer 3

• all species were created separately, and are unrelated to one another
• each species is unchanging and there is little variation within each

Question 4

Define species

Answer 4

A distinct, identifiable type of organism

Question 5

What sparked a challenge to special creation?

Answer 5

Early paleontologists (Mary Anning) discovered fossils of life that no longer existed
- why would God “snuff out” creation?

Question 6

What were Darwin and Russel’s claims regarding the natural world

Answer 6

1. all species are related by common ancestry
2. characteristics of species can be modified from generation to generation (descent with modification)

Question 7

Define microevolution

Answer 7

Species changing over time

Question 8

Define macroevolution

Answer 8

Species splitting and diverging

Question 9

Define evolution

Answer 9

A change in the characteristics of a population over time

Question 10

Define population

Answer 10

A group of individuals of the same species
- living in the same area at the same time

Question 11

Was Darwin the first to challenge the idea that species were unchanging?

Answer 11

No, he was the first to show evidence to back it up

Question 12

Who proposed the theory of natural selection

Answer 12

Darwin and Wallace

Question 13

What two conditions must be met for natural selection to occur in a population?

Answer 13

1. individuals must vary in traits that are heritable (can be passed on)
2. in a particular environment, certain versions of these heritable traits help individuals reproduce more than other versions

Question 14

How do some traits become more common in the population

Answer 14

Certain heritable traits lead to increased success in producing offspring

Question 15

What does natural selection act on

Answer 15

Individuals

Question 16

Where does evolutionary change take place?

Answer 16

In populations

Question 17

When does speciation occur?

Answer 17

When populations diverge to form new species

Question 18

What is plasticity?

Answer 18

Body traits change over a lifetime

Question 19

How is evolution demonstrated with plasticity?

Answer 19

Plastic trait increases in next generation

Question 20

Describe “fitness”

Answer 20

The ability of an individual to produce offspring
- individuals with high fitness produce many surviving offspring

Question 21

Define “adaptation”

Answer 21

A heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment

Question 22

Describe natural selection with the finches in the Galapagos islands

Answer 22

There is a variation in finch beak size and shape

Question 23

What caused the shift in beaks of finches

Answer 23

Consistent rainfall caused small soft seeds to become more abundant
- more finches with small, pointed beaks

Question 24

How were small beaks an adaptation

Answer 24

Those finches had higher fitness and the beak size was heritable (increased finches ability to thrive)

Question 25

how are species related?

Answer 25

through common ancestory

Question 26

what theory was proposed in 1902 by walter sutton and theodor boveri

Answer 26

the chromosome theory of inheritance

Question 27

what do genes do

Answer 27

code hereditary or genetic information

Question 28

describe the central dogma

Answer 28

describes the flow of information in cells

Question 29

describe the direction of central dogma

Answer 29

DNA to RNA to protein

Question 30

is copying DNA accurate

Answer 30

yes, in humans
no in bacteria and viruses

Question 31

what happens when there is a change in DNA sequence at the individual level

Answer 31

• increase or decrease fitness
• change in finch beak size and shape
• change in length of giraffe’s neck

Question 32

what happens when there is a change in DNA sequence at the population level

Answer 32

• lead to heritable variations that underlie diversity of life
• make evolution possible

Question 33

what are the two fundamental nutritional needs for organisms

Answer 33

1. acquiring chemical energy in the form of ATP
2. obtaining molecules that can be used as building blocks to make DNA, RNA, proteins etc