15- Diplomacy in Europe (other treaties) Flashcards
1
Q
What were the other peace treaties other than the ToV? (clarify?)
A
- Four separate peace treaties were signed: with Austria (the Treaty of St Germain), Hungary (Treaty of Trianon), Bulgaria (Treaty of Neuilly), and Turkey (Treaty of Sèvres, revised by the Treaty of Lausanne).
- Following the format of the Treaty of Versailles, all four countries were to disarm, to pay reparations, and to lose territory.
- All defeated powers had to accept the covenant of the League of Nations.
2
Q
Which country did the Treaty of St. Germain concern?
A
Austria
3
Q
When was the treaty of St. Germain?
A
1919
4
Q
Describe the situation in Austria by the time the delegates met at Versailles
A
- The peoples of Austria-Hungary had already broken away from the empire and were setting up their own states in accordance with the principle of self-determination.
- The conference had no choice but to agree to this situation and suggest minor changes.
5
Q
Territorial changes from the treaty of St. Germain
A
- Austria was separated from Hungary and reduced to a small landlocked state consisting of only 25 per cent of its pre-war area and 20 per cent of its pre-war population.
- It became a republic of 7 million people, which many nicknamed ‘the tadpole state’ due to its shape and size.
-Austria lost Bohemia and Moravia – wealthy industrial provinces – to the new state of Czechoslovakia.
Austria lost Dalmatia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina to a new state peopled by Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes – a state that, from 1929, became known as Yugoslavia.
-Italy received the South Tyrol, Trentino, and Istria.
6
Q
Political/economic terms of the treaty of St. Germain
A
- Anschluss (union with Germany) was forbidden and Austrian armed forces were reduced to 30,000 men.
- Austria had to pay reparations to the Allies, and by 1922 it was virtually bankrupt and the League of Nations took over its financial affairs.
7
Q
What country did the treaty of Trianon concern?
A
Hungary
8
Q
When was the treaty of Trianon?
A
1919
9
Q
Territorial changes in the treaty of Trianon
A
- Hungary had to recognize the independence of the new states of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, and Austria.
- In this treaty it lost 75 per cent of its pre-war territory and 66 per cent of its pre-war population.
-Slovakia and Ruthenia were given to Czechoslovakia.
Croatia and Slovenia were given to Yugoslavia.
-Transylvania and the Banat of Temesvar were given to Romania.
10
Q
Military/economic terms of the treaty of Trianon
A
The Hungarian army was limited to 35,000 men and Hungary had to pay reparations.
11
Q
How did Hungary respond to the treaty of Trianon?
A
Hungary complained bitterly that the newly formed Hungarian nation was much smaller than the Kingdom of Hungary that had been part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and that more than 3 million Magyars had been put under foreign rule.
12
Q
Which country did the treaty of Neuilly concern?
A
Bulgaria
13
Q
When was the treaty of Neuilly?
A
1919
14
Q
Terms of the treaty of Neuilly
A
- Bulgaria lost territory to Greece and Yugoslavia. Significantly, it lost its Aegean coastline and therefore access to the Mediterranean.
- However, it was the only defeated nation to receive territory, from Turkey.
15
Q
Which country did the treaty of Sevres concern?
A
Turkey
16
Q
When was the treaty of Sevres?
A
1920
17
Q
Give some examples of the territorial changes as a result of the treaty of Sevres
A
- The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire had been long expected and both Britain and France hoped to make some gains in the region.
- Syria went to France as a mandate.
- Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan, and Cyprus went to Great Britain.
- The Straits (exit from the Black Sea) were to become a demilitarized zone administered by the League of Nations: Britain, France, and Italy were to keep troops in Turkey.
18
Q
What were the different responses to the treaty of Sevres?
A
- The treaty was accepted by Sultan Muhammad VI.
- Yet there was fierce resentment to the terms (Kemal)
19
Q
What action did the nationalist leader Kemal take against the treaty of Sevres?
A
- He led a National Assembly at Ankara to pledge the unification of Muslim Turks and the rejection of Sèvres. Greece, ambitious for more land, attempted to take advantage of this internal disorder and declared war, but Kemal smashed the Greek advance, captured and burned Smyrna, and finally ejected all Greek soldiers and civilians from Asia.
- Kemal advanced on the Straits and for a while it looked as though he intended to attack the British soldiers at the town of Chanak.
20
Q
How did the conflict after the treaty of Sevres turn out?
A
A compromise was agreed upon, however, which resulted in the Treaty of Sèvres being revised at Lausanne in Switzerland.
21
Q
What country was the treaty of Lausanne concerned with?
A
Turkey
22
Q
When was the treaty of Lausanne?
A
1923
23
Q
What was the treaty of Lausanne?
A
A revision of the treaty of Sevres
24
Q
What were the provisions of the treaty of Lausanne?
A
- Turkey regained Eastern Thrace, Smyrna, some territory along the Syrian border, and several Aegean islands.
- Turkish sovereignty over the Straits was recognized, but the area remained demilitarized.
- Foreign troops were withdrawn from Turkish territory.
- Turkey no longer had to pay reparations or have its army reduced
25
Need historiography for other treaties?
26
What were the political impacts of the other treaties in the PPC?
- It was difficult to apply the principle of self-determination consistently and fairly in terms of the treaties
- Ethnic tensions
- States were left weak politically and economically
- Bitterness as a result of the treaties
- Bolshevik dictatorship in Russia
- Division in Europe
- Lack of democracy
- The decline of Britain and France as major powers
27
The difficulty to apply the principle of self-determination consistently and fairly in terms of the treaties as a political impact of the treaties of the PPC
For example Czechoslovakia needed a mountainous, defensible border and because the new state lacked certain minerals and industry, it was given the ex-Austrian Sudetenland, which contained around 3.5 million German speakers.
28
Ethnic tensions as a political impact of the treaties of the PPC
- The new Czechoslovakia set up on racial lines therefore contained five main racial groups: Czechs, Poles, Magyars, Ruthenians, and German speakers.
- Racial problems were also rife in the new Yugoslavia, which had at least a dozen nationalities within its borders.
- Thus the historian Alan Sharp writes that ‘the 1919 minorities were probably more discontented than those of 1914’.
29
States being left weak economically and politically as a political impact of the treaties of the PPC
- Both Hungary and Austria suffered economic collapse by 1922.
- This would later create a power vacuum in this part of Europe and thus the area became an easy target for German domination.
30
Bitterness in Hungary as a political impact of the treaties of the PPC
0Hungary resented the loss of its territories,particularly Transylvania.
-Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia later formed the Little Entente, with the aim of protecting one another from any Hungarian attempt to regain control over their territories.
31
Bitterness in Turkey as a political impact of the treaties of the PPC
Turkey was extremely bitter about the settlement, and this led to a takeover by Kemal and the revision of the Treaty of Sèvres.
32
Bitterness in Italy as a political impact of the treaties of the PPC
- Italy was discontented and referred to the settlement as ‘the mutilated peace’ because it had not received the Dalmatian coast, Fiume, and certain colonies.
- In 1919, Gabriele D’Annunzio, a leader in Italy’s ultra-nationalist movement, occupied Fiume with a force of supporters, and in 1924 the Yugoslavians gave Fiume to the Italians.
33
Bolshevik dictatorship in Russia as a political impact of the treaties of the PPC
- Russia’s government was now a Bolshevik dictatorship that was encouraging revolution abroad.
- The frontiers of new states thus became the frontiers of the Europe from which Russia was excluded.
- Russia was not invited to the Versailles conference and was not a member of the League of Nations until 1934.
34
Division in Europe in Russia as a political impact of the treaties of the PPC
- The new Europe remained divided not only between the ‘victors’ and the ‘defeated’, but also between those who wanted to maintain the peace settlement and those who wanted to see it revised.
- Not only Germany, but also Hungary and Italy, were active in pursuing their aims of getting the treaties changed. Despite Wilson’s hopes to the contrary, international ‘blocs’ developed, such as that formed by the Little Entente.
35
Lack of democracy in Russia as a political impact of the treaties of the PPC
- The peacemakers had hoped for and encouraged democracy in the new states.
- Yet the people in Central Europe only had experience with autocracy, and governments were undermined by the rivalry between the different ethnic groups and by the economic problems that they faced.
36
-The decline of Britain and France as major powers as a political impact of the treaties of the PPC
- Although Britain and France still had their empires and continued their same colonial policies, the war saw the start of the decline of these powers on the world stage.
- The role of the US in the war had made it clear that Britain and France were going to find it hard to act on their own to deal with international disputes; the focus of power in the world had shifted away from Europe.
- Furthermore, the war encouraged movements for independence in French and British colonies in Asia and Africa.
37
What were the economic impacts of the other treaties of the PPC?
- Economic disruption
- New fragmentation of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe hindering economic recovery
- The Great Depression wrecking economic development
38
Economic disruption as an economic impact of the treaties of the PPC
- The war caused severe economic disruption in Europe.
- Germany suffered particularly badly, but all countries of Europe faced rising prices.
- The middle classes of Europe were hit especially hard by inflation, which destroyed the wealth of many middle class families.
- In Germany, for example, the total collapse of the currency meant that the savings of middle class families were made completely worthless.
39
New fragmentation of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe hindering economic recovery as an economic impact of the treaties of the PPC
- In Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the new fragmentation of the area hindered economic recovery.
- There was now serious disruption in what had been a free trade area of some 50 million inhabitants.
- From 1919, each country tried to build up its economy, which meant fierce competition and high tariffs.
40
The Great Depression wrecking economic development as an economic impact of the treaties of the PPC
- Attempts at economic cooperation foundered and any success was wrecked by the Great Depression.
- Only America and Japan benefited economically from the war, and they went on to experience economic prosperity until the Wall Street Crash in 1929.
41
What were the social impacts of the other treaties of the PPC?
- Destruction of traditional structures in society
| - Impacts on women
42
Destruction of traditional structures in society as a social impact of the other treaties of the PPC
- Across Europe, the landed aristocracy, which had been so prominent before 1914, lost much of its power and influence. In Russia, the revolution rid the country of its aristocracy completely.
- In the lands of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, estates were broken up; many governments, such as that of Yugoslavia, undertook land reform and distributed land out to the peasants.
- In Prussia, the landowners (Junkers) kept their lands but lost much of their influence with the decline of the military and the collapse of the monarchy.
43
Impacts on women as a social impact of the other treaties of the PPC
- The end of the war also saw women getting the vote in a number of countries: Russia in 1917, Austria and Britain in 1918, Czechoslovakia, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, and Sweden in 1919, US and Belgium in 1920.
- The role that women played in the war effort was a contributory factor to this shift in some countries, though it was not the only factor.
- Yet the new employment opportunities that women had experienced during the war did not continue afterwards, with most women giving up their work and returning to their more traditional roles in the home.
44
Examples of some of the notable disputes following the peace treaties in the 1920s?
- Vilna (1920-23)
- Upper Silesia (1921)
- Mosul (1924)
- Bugaria (1925)
45
Describe the conflict in Vilna (1920-23)
- Both Poland and Lithuania wanted control of the town of Vilna.
- It had once been the capital of Lithuania, but its people were Polish.
- The League was unable to prevent the Poles from seizing and retaining Vilna by force.
- Finally, the Conference of Ambassadors awarded Vilna to Poland.
46
Describe the conflict in Upper Silesia in 1921
- Both Germany and newly formed Poland wanted control of the important industrial area of Upper Silesia.
- The League decided to split the area between the two.
47
Info on more disputes?
