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EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE - 2 > 15 - Biosecurity Principles and Applications in Livestock > Flashcards

15 - Biosecurity Principles and Applications in Livestock Flashcards

1
Q

What is all included in biosecurity?

A
  • Precautions taken to REDUCE the risk of EXPOSURE to disease
  • PREVENTING introduction of infectious disease
  • MINIMIZE the risk of disease TRANSMISSION
    o Between animals, people, geographic regions and spaces
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2
Q

What does biosecurity impact?

A
  • Animal health and welfare
  • Human health
  • Food safety
  • International trade
  • Good business practices
  • Legal accountability
  • Economic sustainability
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3
Q

Biosecurity and disease control

A
  • CHEAPEST and most EFFECTIVE means of disease control
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4
Q

What are the weaknesses of biosecurity?

A
  • Little to no scientific study of effectiveness
  • Many are substantially different from current practices making implementation IMPRACTICAL
  • *difficult to quantify risk or benefit of disease and exclusion practices
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5
Q

What are some examples of biosecurity from recent research?

A
  • Shelters from calves separate form cows
    o Mortality 1.3x lower
  • Move cow-calf pairs to nursery pasture within 48hours
    o Mortality 1.3x lower
  • Purchase calves in a month prior to calving
    o Mortality 1.3x HIGHER
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6
Q

Biosecurity A-RITS

A
  • A: assess
  • R: resist
  • I: isolate
  • T: traffic
  • S: sanitation
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7
Q

Assessment

A
  • Look at what CAN go wrong
  • Evaluate potential to control, reduce and eliminate each risk IDed
  • *changes over time
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8
Q

Resistance

A
  • Animals disease DEFENSE mechanisms having the ability to NOT become infected if exposed
  • *increase resistance to infectious diseases
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9
Q

How can you increases resistance to infectious diseases?

A
  • Implement a strategic vaccination program
  • Reduce stress on animals from other diseases
  • Reduce poor nutrition and housing, lack of consistency in management
  • MAXIMIZE COLOSTRUM (smaller volumes in beef)
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10
Q

Passive transfer and colostrum?

A
  • IgG levels should be over 24g/L
    o Less risk of death
  • Focus on :
    o TWINS
    o First calf heifers
    o Any assistance in calving
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11
Q

Isolation

A
  • Prevent introduction of infected animals
  • Keep a closed herd or all in-all out management
  • Very few diseases we are able to test for
    o Test for Trichomoniasis and BVD (but can’t test calf)
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12
Q

What are examples of an ‘open’ herd?

A
  • Animals purchased or boarded
  • Animals share a fence line
  • Bulls purchased, borrowed or loaned
  • Animals transported by someone else or in someone else’s vehicle
  • Calves in a calf scours ward (change by doing IV on farm)
  • Hospital pens in feed lots
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13
Q

Community pasture risks

A
  • Herds with varying infection status and immunity
  • Temporary crowding of cattle when sorting in fall
  • Many cows at ideal stage of gestation (first 120d) for fetal infection to occur with BVD virus
  • Breeding period allows venereal transmission to occur between herds
  • *unvaccinated more likely to be OPEN
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14
Q

Risk cannot be eliminated but can be MANAGED! (perfect to less perfect example)

A
  • only semen and embryos
  • only animals form uninfected herds
  • only animals with known disease status and an effective vaccination program
  • AVOID purchase of animals of UNKNOW source or that have mingled with other cattle during sale
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15
Q

Dairy herds and calf hutches

A
  • Great way to minimize disease transfer
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16
Q

What does traffic control all consist of?

A
  • Traffic onto operation and traffic patterns
  • Important to understand that it includes MORE THAN VEHICLES
  • All animals and people must be considered
  • Pest control should be reviewed
17
Q

Prevent introduction of infectious diseases: traffic control

A
  • Limiting people’s access to herd
  • NOT all groups of people represent the same risk
  • High risk groups require greater precautions and may not be allowed any access
    o INTERNATIONAL VISOTROS: should not access for at least 5 days after arrival
18
Q

Different aspects of traffic control

A
  • Warning signs to keep out and give info or what to do
    o Contact or call
  • Maintain records of visitors
  • Foot ware and coveralls
  • Dead animal area
  • Sale animals
  • Vehicle cleaning areas
19
Q

Visitors foot wear and coveralls

A
  • Provide overalls, rubber boots or disposable boots
  • DO NOT allow visitors to walk in feed bunks or move among animals
20
Q

Traffic control and dead animal area

A
  • Should not travel from dead animal area without cleaning and disinfecting
  • Dead animal area should be placed in a location that allows rendering trucks access w/o cross-contaminating healthy cattle
21
Q

Vehicle cleaning areas

A
  • More common in commercial feedlots, but are frequently only used for trucks and heavy equipment
  • *management should consider extending a decontamination policy to other vehicles that are used across biosecurity control areas on the operation
22
Q

Sanitation

A
  • Addresses disinfection of materials, people and equipment
  • *primary goal is TO PREVENT FECAL-ORAL CROSS CONTAMINATION
23
Q

What is the first objective for sanitation?

A
  • Remove organic matter, including feces, blood, saliva, urine from sick or dead animals
    o Loaders used for manure or dead animals cleaned throughout before use with feed
24
Q

Minimize use of oral equipment

A
  • Ex. balling guns, drench equipment, tubes
  • If used at processing and treatment, thoroughly clean and disinfected between animals
  • *store clean equipment in clean, dry areas
  • Avoid storage in tanks or containers containing disinfectants
25
Q

Sanitation and disinfectants

A
  • Clean first then disinfect
  • Correct dilution
  • Adequate temperature and CONTACT TIME
26
Q

How do you select and use disinfectants?

A
  • Understand target pathogen
  • Understand organic load
  • Understand disinfectant properties
27
Q

Sanitation: decrease exposure to infectious diseases (example in dairy herds)

A
  • *Minimize risk of transmitting BLOOD between cattle
    o Dehorning, foot trimming, injections
    o *ensure hoof trimer starts with clean tools and chute
  • Decrease exposure to infectious disease within herds
    o Prompt disposal fetuses and placentas (especially dogs)
    o Rodent, insect, bird and canine control
    o Handwashing, boot washing, clean coveralls when moving between sick and healthy animals
28
Q

Implementation of biosecurity

A
  • Written risk assessment
  • Written biosecurity protocols for specific management groups on the farm and for specific diseases
    o Who is responsible, clear monitoring, control points, indications for action, plan for corrective actions
  • *vets should recommend it, even if they do not think producers will implement a biosecurity plan

EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE - 2 (6 decks)

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