15/6 2nd Sociology Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Who proposed there was two roles for men and women in couples?
A
Parsons
2
Q
What two roles did Parsons propose for men and women?
A
Expressive and Instrumental
3
Q
Who argued that men are now taking a greater share of domestic tasks?
A
Young and Willmott
4
Q
Who proposed conjugal roles?
A
Elizabeth Bott
5
Q
What are Bott’s segregated conjugal roles?
A
When the couple have distinctly separate roles.
6
Q
What are Bott’s joint conjugal roles?
A
The couple equally share tasks.
7
Q
What did Young and Willmott find in their study of w/c couples in Bethnal Green?
A
Men were the breadwinners and women had housework and mothering m.
8
Q
What view do Young and Willmott take?
A
March of progress.
9
Q
What family type is Young and Willmott propose?
A
Symmetrical family
10
Q
Why did Young and Willmott say there was a rise in nuclear symmetrical families?
A
- changes in women’s position
- geographically mobile
- new technology
- higher standards of living
11
Q
Why do some feminists reject the march of progress view?
A
Men and women remain unequal.
12
Q
How does Ann Oakley criticise Young and Willmott?
A
She says the symmetrical family is exaggerated.
13
Q
What percentage of ‘symmetry’ did Ann Oakley find?
A
Housework: 15%
Childcare: 25%
14
Q
What did May Bouton find about husband’s involvement in the family?
A
Recently it was less then 20%
15
Q
What percentage of men claimed they did more housework than their own father?
A
60%.
16
Q
How many times were women more likely to have been the last person to do the washing up?
A
30 times more likely.
17
Q
Outline Oakley’s rise of the housewife?
A
Women are mostly in work that’s an extension of housework, still believe men’s work comes first.
18
Q
How does Richard Wilkinson explain domestic abuse?
A
They say it’s caused by stress because in w/c households they’re is frustration because of social inequality.
19
Q
What did Gershiny find about who women who did not work?
A
Wives who do not work do 83% of housework.
20
Q
What did Gershiny find about couples whose parents had equal relationships?
A
Had equal roles like their parents.
21
Q
How does Gershiny explain the trend towards equality?
A
Gradual.
22
Q
How does Crompton say the change for women took place?
A
She says it was an economic change rather than a social change.
23
Q
Who proposed the commercialisation of housework?
A
Silver and Schor
24
Q
How was housework become commercialised according to Silver and Schor?
A
jobs that wives used to do are now sold as big products: washing machine and dishwashers.
25
What is the dual burden?
Women now do unpaid housework and paid employment work.
26
What did Fern and Smith find about the dual burden?
They found that more women being in work had no affect on the amount of housework they did.
27
What did Lydia Morris find about unemployed men's views?
Because they lost their masculine role, they firmly believe women should do housework even if she is employed.
28
Who first proposed emotional work?
Hochschild.
29
What did Hochschild say emotion work was?
Caring and offering emotional support for the entire family.
30
What is the triple shift?
Paid work, unpaid work and emotional work.
31
Who proposed deeply ingrained gender scripts?
Dunne.
32
According to Dunne, what are gender scripts?
These are the expectations or norms that set out the different gender roles men and women in heterosexual couples are expected to play.
33
What did Dunne find in lesbian couples?
More symmetry.
34
What does Jeffery Weeks say about same sex relationships?
He argues that same sex relationships offer greater possibilities for equality because the division of labour is open to discussion.
35
What did Barrett and McIntosh discover about men's financial work?
Men benefitted more from women's unpaid housework than women benefitted for men's financial work.
36
What did Kempson find about women in low income families?
They sacrifice their own needs for their kids.
37
What is pooling in reference to decision making and paid work?
Where both partners have access to the income and joint responsibility for expenditure.
38
What is an allowance system in reference to decision making and paid work?
Where men give their wives an allowance out of which they have a budget to keep.
39
What did Vogler see change in 1994 about pooling?
Pooling increased from 19% to 50%.
40
What did Hardall find about decisions made?
They were by men, for men, looking to benefit only men.
41
What did Edgell find about how 'very important decisions' were handled?
- finance, job and housing: men
| - husbands alone had final say or with wife's small input.
42
What did Edgell find about how 'important' decisions were handeld?
- children's education, holidays
| - jointly seldom, or wife alone.
43
What did Edgell find about how Edgell found how 'less important decisions' were made?
- home decor, kid's clothes and food purchases
| - by wife
44
What fraction of crime is domestic according to the British Crime Survey?
1/6.
45
How many domestic assaults a year are there did Mirrlees estimate?
6.6 million.
46
What did Coleman find about domestic abuse trends?
More likely to be women as victims in intimate violence, abusive, partner, family, sexual assault and stalking.
47
What percentage of domestic abuse did Mirrlees say were against women by men?
99%.
48
What did Dobash and Dobash state caused men to be violent to women?
When women questioned men's authority.
49
Why do the state ignore domestic abuse in the family?
The family is seen as a good thing so they ignore the darker side of abuse.
50
Who argued that all societies are founded upon the patriarchy?
Kate Millett.
51
What aspects of society do radical feminists see most patriarchal?
Family and Marriage
52
Why do feminists say domestic violence is inevitable?
Because the marriage and family are patriarchal and women are continuously becoming more liberated.
53
Why do radical feminists say domestic violence is inevitable?
Women are becoming liberated and questioning the patriarchy and men have no reply besides anger and aggression.
54
How does Elliot criticize radical feminist's view of men?
Not all men benefit from violence and not all man are aggressive,
55
According to Jane Pilcher, how is the concept of 'childhood' made unique?
Separateness, clear distinctions of life stages and has separate status.
56
How is the childhood 'the golden age'?
Perfect age of happiness and innocence.
57
What did Stephen Wagg define childhood as?
"Childhood is socially constructed, it is, in other words, what members of particular societies, at particular times and particular places say it is."
58
What did Ruth Benedict note how childhood is different across cultures?
- take on responsibilities at younger ages.
- children don't have to obey adults.
- more sexually active.
59
What's an example of children taking on responsibilities in another country?
Samantha Pinch's study in rural Bolivia found that children around 5 were expected to take on responsibilities in the home and in the community.
60
What's an example of children's social status being different in another culture?
Raymond Firth's study of the Turopia, found that children obeying adults was a privilege that the children could give to certain adults.
61
What's an example of children's sexual behavior in another culture?
Bronslow Malinowski found that the children of the Trobriand Island had unusual sexual behaviors, the adults took on an attitude of tolerance and amused interest in their kids sexual exploits.
62
What did the Historian Philippe Aries argue about childhood historically?
Analyzing art, he argued that historically childhood has not existed as a separate stage of life.
63
What did Aries say about how children were depicted in art?
"Any of the characteristics of childhood; they have simply been depicted on a smaller scale."
64
Why did Shorter say children were neglected and treated differently?
Because of the high infant mortality rate, also they had lots of children to care for.
65
According to Aries, how and when did the idea of childhood start to develop?
In the 13th century when school's started catering exclusively to children.
66
How did restricting child labour lead to childhood?
Laws restricting and excluding children from paid work, being economic assets so they became an economic liability and dependent on their parents.
67
What was the 1889 act that helped create childhood?
1889 Prevention of cruelty to children act.
68
What did the 1989 children act outline for parents?
That their children had rights and that they were the parent's responsibility.
69
What is the march of progress view on childhood?
Aries and Shorter argue that today's children are more valued, better cared for, protected, educated, enjoy better health and have more rights.
70
How much was spent on education in 2007/08?
64 billion.
71
How does low infant mortality mean there's an improvement of childhood?
Parents aren't forced to have as many children for labour, replace the children that have lost. So the children they do have are cherished.
72
What do march of progress theorists argue society and the family are now?
Child-centered.
73
How do conflict sociologists say the march of progress view is incorrect?
- there are inequalities amongst children
| - inequalities between kids and adults is bigger than ever.
74
How do Marxists and feminists say that the inequalities between adults and children are bigger than ever?
-greater control, oppression and dependency.
75
How does Brannon's study of young girls prove there is inequalities amongst children?
Asian parents are stricter on girls than boys.
76
What did Wooderofte find about children of unskilled workers?
They're 3x more likely to suffer from a hyperactivity disorder.
77
According to Marilyn Howard, children born into p or families are...
- more likely to die in infancy
- suffer longstanding illnesses.
- Shorter in height
- fall behind in school.
78
What does Firestone say about the march of progress's care and protection of children?
It's actually just new forms of oppression and control.
79
What three ways do child liberationists say adults control kids?
- neglect and abuse
| - control over; space, time, bodies and access to things.
80
In 2006, how many children she on the child protection register because they were deemed at serious risk of significant harm?
31,400 kids.
81
Hoe many phone calls does childline receive a year?
20,000.
82
Give an example of ways a child's space is controlled?
Shops and areas that say no school children.
83
What are two fears ingrained and taught to children from a young age to control them?
Road safety and stranger danger.
84
What did Hilman find about the journey home of 7/8 yos?
In 1971, 80% of 7/8 yos walked home from school alone and by 1990, this had fallen to 9%.
85
In contrast to British culture, what did Katz find in a Sudanese village?
Children were allowed to roam freely both in the village and several kilometers away.
86
How do adults control kid's time?
When they get up, go to bed, go to school and when they can leave the house.
87
How do adults control children's bodies?
- what they wear
| - when they can have sex and drink.
88
In what three ways do adults restrict children's access to resources?
- labour laws and compulsory school
- child benefits go to parents
- pocket money is doled out.
89
What is age patriarchy?
The inequalities between adults and children.
90
Who coined the term 'age patriarchy'?
Diana Gittins.
91
How did Gittins outline the age patriarchy?
Patriarchy means 'rule by the father'- families are headed by men and so is society.
92
How do Humphreys and Thiara suggest this male dominance is acted out?
1/4 of 200 women left their abusive relationships to protect their.
93
Why do Hockey and James say childhood is something children want to escape?
Children are looked down upon as inferior- baby talk and condescension.
94
Who argued that childhood is disappearing at 'a dazzling speed'?
Neil Postman.
95
How does TV, according to Postman, blur the idea DO childhood?
Television blurs the distinction between childhood and adulthood by destroying the hierarchy.
96
What did Iona Opie argue about childhood culture?
Iona Opie argues that childhood is not disappearing but becoming its own culture.
97
How is western ideas of childhood globalising?
Child liberationists argue that western childhood is oppressive and this is being applied by the west on the world.
98
Who proposed toxic childhood?
Sue Palmer.
99
What did Sue Palmer say toxic childhood was?
Rapid technological and cultural changes in the past 25 years have damaged children's physical, emotional and intellectual development.
100
How is childhood disappearing and changing?
- children have more rights
- leisure activities are similar to adults.
- prolonged education makes them children longer.
101
What 4 ways does thefamily meet the needs of society, according to Murdock?
- stable satisfaction of the sex drive
- reproduction of the next generation
- socialization of the young
- meeting it's member's economic needs.
102
What family does Murdock say is the best and why?
Nuclear family because its most practical.
103
How do Marxists and feminists criticize Murdock's view of the family?
Marxists: the family meets the need of capitalism and nothing else.
Feminists: serves the needs of men only, oppressed women.
104
What is Parson's functional fit theory?
The idea that the family serves the needs of the society it is in.
105
What did Parsons say the nuclear family was?
Parents and dependent children.
106
What did parsons say the extended family was?
Three generations living under one roof.
107
What did Parsons say a geographically mobile workforce is?
It's easier for a nuclear family to move where there is better work, life and living conditions.
108
How did Parsons explain a socially mobile workforce?
The generations of fathers are not predestined to do the same work as their fathers. Despite their social class, jobs and work allows people to move more fluidly throughout the classes.
109
How did Parsons say the family lost some of its functions?
When society went through industrialization, the family changed its structure and they change from a unit of production to one of consumption.
110
What two functions did Parsons say the family performs that are 'irreducible'?
- primary socialization of children.
| - stable control of adult personalities.
111
What two functionalists have a view on the family?
Murdock and Parsons.
112
What did Engels say there was before modern consuming families?
'Promiscuous Horde.'
113
Why did Engels proposed the monogamy became essential?
The inheritance of private property.
114
What did Engels say the rise of monogamous nuclear family represented?
"Worldly historical defeat of the female sex."
115
What did Engels say the transformation of the family did to women?
"Turned her into a mere instrument for the production of children."
116
How do Marxists say women can achieve liberation?
Overthrow capitalism and private ownership of the means of production is the only way women will achieve liberation from the patriarch.
117
How do Marxists the family performs key ideological functions for capitalism?
Socializing children that hierarchy and inequality are inevitable.
118
How do Marxists describe capitalist ideology?
A set of ideas or beliefs that justify inequality and meanings in the capitalist system by persuading people to accept it as fair, natural and unchanging.
119
Why does Zaretsky say functionalists describe the family as a 'haven'?
Functionalists see the family a place to hide from the harsh and explosive world of capitalism.
120
Why does Zaretsky argue that the family as a 'haven' is an illusion?
It can't meet its members needs.
121
How do Marxists say the family is a unit of consumption?
- advertisers urge families to 'keep up with the jonses'.
- the media target children, who use 'pester power' to get parents to spend more.
- children who don't have new things are bullied.
122
How do Marxists ignore the diversity within society?
Not all families are nuclear families.
123
How do feminists criticize Marxists?
They say Marxists underestimate the importance of gender inequalities within the family.
124
How do functionalists criticize Marxists?
Functionalists say they ignore the real benefits the family has.
125
What two Marxists have a view on the family?
Engels and Zaretsky.
126
What do liberal feminists believe about the family?
That is gradually becoming equally and take a considerate approach.
127
Who's views are similar to liberal feminists?
Young and Willmott's march of progress view.
128
How do liberal feminists say equality in the family can be achieved?
Changes in the law and attitudes.
129
How do Marxists feminists explain inequality in the family?
Caused by capitalism, not men.
130
How do Marxist feminist say that women reproduce the labour force?
Unpaid domestic labour and socializing the next generation.
131
How do Marxists say that women absorb anger?
They absorb anger that would otherwise be towards capitalism.
132
What did Frans-Ansley describe women as?
'Takers of shit.'
133
How do Marxist feminists say women are a 'reserve army' for cheap labour?
Take work when workers are needed forgotten about when they're not.
134
What two things do radical feminists say about inequality in the family?
- men are the enemy
| - the family and marriage oppress women.
135
Why do radical feminists promote 'political lesbianism'?
'As to not sleep with the enemy.'
136
What did Germaine Greer propose for radical feminists?
Marriolocal families and households.
137
How does liberal feminist Jenny Somerville criticize radical feminists?
They fail to recognise that women's position has improved considerably.
138
However, what does Somerville also recognize about full equality?
It hasn't been reached yet.
139
What do difference feminists say about the family?
We cannot assume all families are the same.
140
In contrast, how do black feminists see the family?
Support and resistance to radical oppression. Instead of patriarchal oppression.
141
What are two criticisms of the feminist perspective?
- they assume nuclear families are dominant
| - assume people are passive and willing to accept the capitalist structure.
142
What's the average rate of women giving birth?
29.6 yos.
143
Give three ways the changes in women's position has led to the decline in the birth rate?
- more women in paid employment.
- changes in family life and roles
- access to abortion and reliable contraception
144
What percentage of babies died within their first year of life in 1990?
15%.
145
How has the decline in IMR affected the birth rate?
- better healthcare
- improved housing
- better nutrition
- better hygiene
- improved services
146
How did the IMR drop in the 1950s?
Mass immunization of fatal diseases.
147
How have laws led to a drop in the birth rate?
No child labour, children are economically dependent on school and cost more money
148
How has a change in norms led to a drop in the birth rate,?
Children have a right and responsibilities to expect things of their parents.
149
How has child centered ness led to a drop in birth rate?
Quality not quantity.
150
Why has there been a slight increase in births since 2011?
Immigration, non-British women are more fertile.
151
How has the birth rate affected the family?
Women can earn more and get more jobs.
152
How has the birth rate affected the dependency ratio?
The number of dependent elderly must equal the amount of young workers. This isn't happening any more.
153
How has the birth rate affected the public services and policies?
Fewer schools, less health care services needed.
154
How did Thomas McKeown argue nutrition caused the death rate to decline?
Improved nutrition accounts for up to half of the reduction in death rate.
155
How have some people criticized nutrition of a cause?
Women get worse and less food but her have always outlived men.
156
How did medical improvements affect the death rate?
Since the 1950s, better technology , knowledge and practice has led to a decrease in death rate.
157
How have the public health measures declined the death rate?
Housing, purer drinking water, laws to combat bat food and improved sewage.
158
What 4 social changes could have caused the death rate to decline?
- decline of dangerous jobs
- smaller families decreases infection
- greater public knowledge of hygiene
- higher incomes
159
What 4 reasons are there for the decline in birth rate?
1. Changes in women's position
2. Decline in the infant mortality rate.
3. Children are a economic liability
4. Child centeredness
160
What 4 reasons are there for the decline in death rate?
1. Improved nutrition
2. Medical improvements
3. Public health services
4. Other social changes
161
What was the life expectancy for men and women in 1900 in UK?
```
Men= 50
Women= 57
```
162
What was the life expectancy for people born in 2003 in the U.K.?
```
Men= 76.9
Women= 81.2
```
163
What's the difference in life expectancy between northerners and Scottish people versus southerners?
North and Scotland have a lower life expectancy.
164
What differences are there between men in w/c jobs and m/c jobs?
W/c men are 3x more likely to die before 65.
165
How is the UK an aging population?
The average age is estimated to be 42.6 in 2031.
166
What three factors caused an aging population?
- increased life expectancy
- declining infant mortality rate
- declining fertility
167
How does an aging population effect public services?
Old people consume a larger number of public services.
168
How has the aging population affected households?
14% of households are one-person pensioner households. Usually women.
169
How has an aging population affected the dependency ratio?
The number of working people who pay taxes is smaller than the number of elderly people relying on those taxes to pay their pension.
170
What did the Griffiths report find about the care of elderly?
It's a burden and a big problem.
171
What is the 'pensions time bomb'?
With fears about how society will pay the pensions of all the old people.
172
What is ageism?
The negative stereotyping of people based off their age.
173
How did Hirsch say an aging population will affect policies?
He argues that a number of important social policies and trends will need to tackle our aging population.
174
What is immigration?
Refers to the movement into an area or society.
175
What is emigration?
Refers to movement out.
176
What is net migration?
The difference between the number of people immigrating and emigrating.
177
In 2001, minority ethnic groups accounted for what percentage of society?
7.9%
178
How does immigration affect the dependency ratio?
Migrant workers are working age but also more fertile so have more kids.
179
What patterns are there of immigration in the U.K.?
To London for finance and industry's
180
What 5 explanations are there for the increase in divorce?
1. Changes in law
2. Declining stigma and changing attitudes
3. Secularization
4. Rising expectations of marriage
5. Changes in women's position
181
What three changes in divorce laws was there?
- equalizing the grounds and rights of men and women
- widening the grounds for divorce
- making it cheaper
182
What three options are there other than divorce?
Desertion
Legal separation
Empty shell
183
What did Mitchell and Goody note about social attitudes towards divorce since 1960s?
Stigmatization has decreased and it's become more socially accepted.
184
How has secularization led to the increase in divorce rate?
People are no longer staying in unhappy marriages because of the church
185
How have rising expectations of marriage led to increase in divorce?
People want pure relationships and don't settle unless they're sure.
186
How has the changing positions of women increased the divorce rate?
Women are now more dependent and more likely to be in paid work.
187
What did Alan and Crow argue about women's position?
"Marriage is embedded within the economic system."
188
What do feminists say causes divorce?
Women are more vocal about things and therefor there is more arguments and disagreements.
189
Why did Hochschild say women prefer independent paid work?
They feel valued at work but not at home.
190
What did Sigle-Rishton find about working mothers?
Working mothers are more likely to divorce men.
191
What did Radical Feminist Bernard say about women's dissatisfaction?
Women are becoming increasingly dissatisfied with patriarchal marriage.
192
What do the New Right think about high divorce rates?
See it as undesirable because it undermines the traditional nuclear family.
193
What do feminists believe about the high divorce rate?
They see it as desirable because it shows that women are breaking away from the patriarchal.
194
What do postmodernism believe about the high divorce rates?
They see it as good because it gives individuals the option to choose something that suits their needs.
195
What do functionalists believe about high divorce rates?
Functionalists say that it is nothing about nuclear families but tells us people's expectations of marriage are higher.
196
What do interactionist believe about high divorce rate?
David Morgan said divorce is different for everyone.
197
What 4 changes in marriage have there been?
- fewer people marrying
- more remarriage
- marrying later in life
- less likely to marry in church
198
How is there less pressure to marry?
The quality of the relationship is more important than the legal status.
199
How was secularization led to a decrease in marriage?
Churches are less prioritized and atheism is more popular.
200
How has less stigma of marriage alternatives led to a decrease in marriage?
Cohabitation, single life and kids outside of marriage.
201
Why is re-marriage so high?
Divorce rates are high, so people are getting married again later in life.
202
Over how any couples have cohabitation in UK?
Over two million.
203
Why has cohabitation increased?
Young people see it as better than marriage.
204
What did Chester argue about cohabitation?
It was a process before marriage.
205
How did Bejin describe cohabitation?
As young people's attempt to make a personal, agreed upon relationship.
206
How did Macklin describe the relationship between cohabitation and marriage?
It's complex.
207
What percentage did Stonewall estimate of society have gay relationships?
7-8%.
208
What are weeks' chosen families?
Groups of friendships and kinship that gay people surround themselves with.
209
What did Alan and Crow say about same sex relationships before equal rights?
Gay partners had negotiate and eventually had healthier relationships.
210
How did Kath Weston describe gay relationships?
'Quasi-marriage.'
211
How many households are one-person households in the U.K.?
Almost 3/10. K
212
Why is one person households linked to divorce?
Men usually leave the family home and live alone.
213
How many adults are living apart together?
1/10.
214
Why did Duncan and Philips find couples lived apart together?
Choice or constraints.
215
How many kids are born outside of marriage?
Over 4/10.
216
Why are births outside marriage increasing?
Less stigma.
217
What percentage of all families are lone parent families?
24%.
218
How is poverty linked to lone parent families?
A child living in a lone parent family is more than twice as likely to be in poverty.
219
Why are lone parent families female headed?
The sexist belief that women are better mothers.
220
What did Renevcize find about professional women?
They were able to raise kids and be successful without the fathers help.
221
What does Charles Murray believe about lone parent families?
He thinks it's due to over-generous welfare.
222
What is Murray's 'perverse incentive'?
Irresponsible behavior; having children without being able to proved for them.
223
How does Murray say our welfare creates a dependency culture?
They assume the state will support them so they don't have to work.
224
What does Murray propose as a solution?
Abolish the welfare state.
225
What problems accorinding to Alan and Crow do stepfamilies face?
That children face divided between parents and contact is split, causing tensions.
226
How are stepparents at greater risk of poverty?
Because the stepfather may have children from other families.
227
How many families headed with children and black are lone parent?
Almost half.
228
How does Marzia explain female headed black lone parent families?
Black women's independence.
229
How are Asian families different?
Larger and more children.
230
What did Murray find about extended families?
"All but extinct."
231
What did Chamberlain find about dispersed Caribbean families?
Even though they're not close they still provide support.
232
Finch and Mason found what about expectations of women?
More is expected of women.
233
What approach do the New Right take towards family diversity?
They hate diversity.
234
What do the New Right say family should be?
Traditional nuclear family.
235
What two parts of the family do the New Right dislike most?
- lone parent families are unnatural and harmful
| - disappearance of mothers working.
236
What do New Right thinkers say about society?
It's dysfunctional.
237
What do the New Right say about the welfare state and the family?
-undermines traditional families as they don't need to work
| _encourage a dependency culture.
238
What did Chester say about the new-conventional family?
It's not that significant and diversity hasn't changed families that much.
239
What did Chester say about nuclear families?
People still aspire to have a nuclear family.
240
What 5 types of different family variations do the Rapoports propose?
```
Organizational diversity
Cultural diversity
Social class diversity
Life-stage diversity
Generational diversity
```
241
What are organizational diversities in families?
Refers to the differences in the ways family is organized; physically and structurally.
242
What are cultural diversities in families?
Different cultures, religions and ethnic groups have different family types.
243
What social class diversities are there in families?
Because of the different stability and class of families they're different.
244
What life stage diversity are there in families?
Stage cycle, marriage and cohabitation is a favored by different generations.
245
What are generational diversities in families?
Older and younger people have different views and values.
246
What is life course analysis?
The view that families can only be understood by the individual.
247
What are two strengths of the life course analysis?
- focuses on what families consider important
| - suitable for the diverse range of families in today's society.
248
What does Morgan say about society?
It's fragmented.
249
What do postmodernist say about the modern family?
-more diverse than ever
250
Who proposed choose and equality?
Giddens.
251
Why does Giddens say we have more choice?
- contraception
| - women's independence
252
Who proposed we live in a risk society?
Ulrich Beck.
253
What is Beck's risk society?
People calculate the risks that everyday life will make them encounter, including in the family.
254
How, according to Beck has the traditional nuclear family been undermined?
- greater gender equality
| - greater individualism.
255
Who proposed the divorce-extended family?
Stacey.
256
What does Stacey say greater choice do for women?
-women have more power, less stigma.
257
Who argued that there is a growing acceptance of diversity?
Weeks.
258
What did Weeks argue about diversity?
Less stigma for diverse families; lone parent and families and gay relationships.
259
What is Stacey's divorce-extended family?
Women after a divorce keep in touch with ex-partners family.
260
What two views of family in diversity are there?
Against and for diversity.
261
Who and why are against diversity?
The New Right opposes diversity because it undermines values.
262
Who and why favor diversity?
Postmodernists and feminists because they have morals.
263
What is the individualization and connectedness thesis?
Individualizations: more choice
Connectedness: we choose to stay close.
264
Who and when attempted to create equality?
Russian Revolution, 1917
265
Why did the Soviet Union in 1920's strive for equality?
Made divorce and abortion easier to obtain.
266
Because of war and famine, why did they change their policies?
Divorce laws were tightened abortion made illegal, rewarded for having more children.
267
Which country had a one-child policy?
China.
268
According to Adrian Wilson, how was women's actions in China regulated?
They had to ask permission off a council to get pregnant.
269
What were the benefits in China for having one child?
Extra benefits, free child healthcare, higher taxes allowances.
270
How did Romania try and drive up the birth rate in 1980s?
Restricted contraception, infertility treatment centers, divorce difficult, lowered legal marriage to 15.
271
What two policies did the Nazis implement?
- encouraged Germans to procreate 'pure' children
| - sterilized people who were impure.
272
How do functionalists see the family?
Jilt on harmony and consensus.
273
What did Ronald Fletcher say about the welfare state?
The introduction of health, education and housing policies has created a welfare state that supports the family.
274
What two criticisms are there of the functional view of the family?
- it has been assumed that men and women benefit from government policies
- assumes 'there was a March of progress.'
275
What is the New Right view of the family?
Traditional nuclear family is self-sufficient.
276
How do the New Right believe the family is weakened?
By relying on the welfare state.
277
Who proposed 'perverse incentives'?
Charles Murray.
278
What three perverse incentives did Charles Murray propose?
- families won't pay childcare
- providing help for teen parents
- encouraging independent lone parents.
279
How do feminists criticize the New Right?
It's an attempt to justify the return of the traditional patriarchal family.
280
What two criticisms are there of the New Right?
- assumes that nuclear family is natural
| - cutting benefits would mean children starve,
281
What is the New Labour view on family?
- strengthen marriages
| - parents should be supported to help kids.
282
How are New Labour opposite the New Right?
The favor social policies and benefits.
283
Give two examples for New Labour policies?
- gay couples can adapt.
| - welfare, tax and minimum wage.
284
How do Feminists see the family?
Benefits men and patriarchy.
285
What did feminist, Hillary Land argue that social policies assume?
That the typical family is patriarchy.
286
What did Edmund Leach call the nuclear family?
'Cereal packet family'- what you see in advertisements.
287
What Diana Leonard say about policies that supposedly support women?
Still secretly supporting men more.
288
Who proposed 'gender regimes'?
Eileen Drew.
289
What two types of family regimes are there?
'Familistic'
| 'Individualistic'
290
What are familistic gender regimes?
They Blaise their policies on the assumption that the husband works to the support the family with the wife at home.
291
Give an example of familistic gender regimes?
Women have no state benefit and have to rely on husband and family.
292
What are individualistic gender regimes?
They base their family policies on the assumption that men and women are equal.
293
What example does Drew give for individualistic gender regimes?
Most of Eu.
294
How do Marxists see the family?
As a means of production for capitalism
295
What example do Marxists use for capitalism mistreating family women?
Women after WW11.
296
Who said that policies are a way for the state to police families?
Donzelot.
297
Who's idea of surveying does Donzelot build out of?
Michel Foucault.
298
What example of the state controlling family, does Condry give?
Childcare laws and regulations
299
Why does Donzelot reject the march of progress?
The state and family are in conflict.
300
What approach does Donzelot prefer?
Small scale and micro.
301
What conflict is there over what is considered media?
Some sociologists disagree with whether mobile phones should be considered media.
302
How did McLuhan define media?
Any kind of technology that helps people communicate, even cars and clocks.
303
What three types of analyzing and research do sociologists use to study media and it's effects?
Content analysis
Semiotics
Experiments
304
What is content analysis?
Measuring how often a word, phrase or theme is used in a piece of media.
305
What is semiotics?
Studying the signs and codes of the media.
306
What are experiments?
Studying how an actual audience responds to the media.
307
What is cross-media ownership?
When the owners of one media branch out and buy other media outlets and is often un-publicized.
308
Who owns News Corp?
Rupert Murdoch
309
In Italy, what does Silvio Berlusconi own?
3 national tv channels, an advertising agency and magazine publisher.
310
What did Bagdikian find about US media corporations?
All of them were owned by 5 huge corporations.
311
What percentage of media is ran by the 'big 6' in the US?
90%.
312
Why is the media censored?
Media messages that are considered harmful or offensive to society can be removed before the audience receives them.
313
Who do traditional Marxists say owns the media?
The bourgeoisie own and control the media to further their capitalist agenda.
314
Who do neo-Marxists say controls the media?
They say that the media reflects the ideology of the ruling class.
315
What did Trad. Marxist Milliband say about media control?
Said that the messages in the media encourage the proletariat to be subordinate and happy.
316
What is hegemony?
One set of ideas dominating over others without the lesser prevailing culture and values realizing that their values are not their own.
317
What are gatekeepers?
People within the media who control what content is published.
318
What three things do pluralists argue about the media?
1) the audience chooses the media they consume
2) journalists can choose what to write about
3) the state restricts the power of the media
319
Why do pluralists believe the audience choose what they want to consume?
They say there is always an alternative views, so there is always a choice.
This gives people consumer power.
Owners want to stay in business so they create media that people will want to consume.
320
Why do pluralists believe journalists can choose what they write about?
Journalists and editors decide what media is going to be published which is enabling media diversity.
Journalists have to follow professional codes.
However it can be hard for journalists to be impartial and follow codes.
321
Why do pluralists believe the state restricts the power of media controller?
In the U.K., lots of people who regulate the media.
| BBC is regulated and state owned.
322
How does Curran criticize pluralists?
Owners still interfere and the media in the U.K. Is still controlled by a small number of people.
323
What did Milliband say about owners?
The owners, who favor capitalism, have ultimate control.
324
What 4 characteristics does the new media have?
- accessible
- digital
- user control
- interactive
325
Why do some sociologists believe new media is bad?
Privacy is non-existent.
326
Why do Cornford and Robins say new media is not revolutionary?
They say media already existed and it's not that different.
327
How did they say that old media was interactive?
Newspaper columns.
328
How many UK citizens have never used the Internet?
5900
329
What did a study find about old people on social media through phones?
The number of them doing so doubled from 2012 in 2015.
330
What is the digital underclass?
People who aren't able or don't know how to do things online.
331
Who theorized two approaches to new media?
Curran and Seaton.
332
What do cultural pessimists believe?
They point out that the media is controlled and world wide. They believe new media is bad.
333
What do Nephilliacs believe?
They say new media has led to increased consumer choice.
334
Why do sociologists disagree whether new media is democratic?
Controlled by the few and input must be bought.
335
How is the media influenced by practical constraints?
Time, space and money and competition.
336
How is news influenced by time?
The most relevant and easily available are broadcast first.
337
How is the news influenced by space?
Some places are easier to get into with equipment and people.
338
How is the news influenced by money?
They run on a budget.
339
How is the news influenced by competition?
The selection of the news must be the quickest and they will choose stories which will make them more popular.
340
Who theorized news values?
Glaring and Ruge.
341
What are bureaucratic news values?
Current, simple and brief. Big news is better than small news.
342
What are cultural news values?
Unexpected, on important people, relevant to audience and bad news is preferred to good news.
343
What is agenda-setting?
News only becomes news when editors and journalists decide it's news worthy. So they set what is news and what isn't
344
What is gate-keeping?
Gans says that editor decides what's published, how much space it takes up and how important it is.
345
What did the GLASGOW UNIVERSITY MEDIA GROUP find when studying television news?
- selection of news was biased in favor of dominant class values
- the voice overs favored dominant class values
- management had lots of control over media
- the filming and editing was biased in favor of the police.
346
How did GUMG find the media to be biased?
Police violence wasn't broadcast
'Troublemakers' used a lot.
'Interviews of managers of companies on strike were respected compares to the strikers
-cameras were often showing the police perspective.
347
What do sociologists all agree on about the news?
It's socially constructed.
348
What , according to pluralists are a more significant influence?
Practical constraints
349
According to Marxists what is the biggest influence?
Ideology influences.
350
How has new media impacted media?
- it's quick to access on a phone
- audiences have more of a say
- hundreds of websites to visit and more people are aware of current news
351
Who proposed citizen journalism?
Bowman and Willis.
352
What is citizen journalism?
The public activity of taking part in reporting the news.
353
How did Jewkes say the media make assumptions about what consumers want to see?
They argued that editors and owners make assumptions of what their consumers will want to consume.
354
What did Herman and Chomsky say about media influence?
They are always trying to make profit and rely on government and big companies for stories.
355
What did Edwards and Cromwell say about advertisers influence?
Advertisers pay off news to promote their products.
356
Why do some sociologists say that the media should be regulated by the government?
Journalists break the law and hack phones.
357
What is the leveson inquiry?
Looked at whether media should be self regulated or by a single body.
358
What did the leveson inquiry conclude?
That a deciding body with legal backing should regulate media.
359
What is freedom of the press?
People should have access to all information.
360
What did Hodkinson say about freedom of media?
Media isn't actually for the people. And doesn't give the power to the people, it's false
