08/6 1st Sociology Exam Flashcards
What did J.W.B Douglas find in relation to Cultural Deprivation?
W/c pupils scored less on tests of ability compared to m/c pupils.
Similar to Douglas’ findings, what did Bernstein and Young find about w/c households?
W/c mothers aren’t as likely to buy mentally stimulating toys that will encourage mental development unlike m/c mothers.
What did Bereiter and Engelmann claim about w/c language?
They defined w/c communications as gestures, single words or disjointed phrases.
What did Basil Bernstein propose about language?
That there was restricted and elaborated code.
What did Douglas find about how w/c parents felt about education?
W/c parents have less trust, less value and hope of success for their children in school.
What did Feinstein discover about w/c parent’s lack of interest?
He found that lack of interest was the main cause of underachievement and is worse than financial restrictions.
What do Cultural Deprivation theorists believe?
That lack of parental interest, inadequate socialisation, negative attitudes for school reflect the subcultural values of the working class.
What did Hyman say w/c values are?
“Self-imposed barriers” to success.
What 4 w/c subcultural attitudes did Sugarman argue act as a barrier to w/c success?
Fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification and present-time orientation.
Why did Sugarman say w/c pupils don’t aim for success?
Because typical w/c jobs don’t offer promotions and opportunities to be promoted and get higher pay.
What is compensatory education?
Compensatory Education is a policy designed to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources.
Give two examples of compensatory education policies?
Sesame Street and Sure Start.
Who proposes that there is a myth of cultural deprivation?
Nell Keddie.
Why does Nell Keddie say there is a myth of cultural deprivation?
She says cultural deprivation is victim blaming and that w/c people cannot be deprived of a culture they never had. W/c culture is not deprived but different.
What do Troyna and Williams say about the myth of cultural deprivation in relation to language in the school system?
They say that it’s not w/c children’s fault that their language is not accepted, it’s the education system’s fault.
What did Blackstone and Mortimer say about parental interest?
W/c parents attend less parents evenings because of shift work and fear of the m/c atmosphere.
What do critics of compensatory education say?
They say that compensatory policies are a “smoke-screen” to hide the real issue: social inequality.
What percentage of failing schools are in deprived areas?
90%.
How can poor housing affect educational achievement?
- less room for educational activities
- disturbed sleeping
- lack of safe space to play
- crowding leads to tension and accidents
- no heating/hot water causes illness
Who proposed that poor diet and health could affect educational achievement?
Marilyn Howard
What did Wilkinson propose about behaviour problems?
Among 10 y/os, the lower the social class the higher the rate of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders.
Who proposed the cost of free schooling?
David Bull.
What did Emily Tanner discover about the cost of free school?
Transport, uniform, books, computers, calculators, sports and music equipment are a burden on poor families.
According to Flaherty, what percentage of student decline free school meals out of fear of stigmatisation?
20%.
What did Ridge find about w/c pupils jobs?
They take on jobs such as babysitting, cleaning and paper rounds which can have negative impacts on learning.
Who proposed three types of Capital?
Bourdieu.
What is Bourdieu’s belief of cultural capital?
Refers to the knowledge, attitudes, values, language, taste and abilities of the middle class. It’s a type of currency that gets people far within society.
What did Bourdieu say Educational and Economic capital?
Economic captain can be converted into educational capital when people use their money and financial status to secure their children good places in education.
What did Alice Sullivan find, using a questionnaire to support Bourdieu’s findings?
She found that pupils who read complex fiction and watched serious TV documentaries developed a wider vocabulary and greater cultural knowledge.
Who proposed marketisation and parental choice?
Gewirtz.
What three parental types did Gewirtz propose?
- privileged skilled choosers
- disconnected local choosers
- semi skilled choosers
What did Geoft and Whitly say about marketisation?
Marketisation hasn’t helped the w/c it had only helped he m/c.
Who proposed in-school labelling?
Howard Becker.
What did Cicourel and Kitsuse find in US school counselling sessions?
The counsellors suggested that m/c pupils aim for higher education and w/c black pupils should get a job despite having the same grades.
What did Ray Rist find about labelling in primary schools?
Teachers placed pupils into separate ability tables based on appearance and home background.
What did Gillborn and Youdell find about how black & w/c were treated at GCSE?
Black & w/c pupils labelled as “less-able” and put into lower sets and entered into foundation papers.
Outline Rosenthal and Jacobson’s self-fulfilling prophecy study?
They falsely told teachers that a false group of students were going to do better in school and that they had higher IQs. However this wasn’t true and when they returned a year later, the teachers praised and rewarded the higher IQ pupils and said they were doing better in grades and class work.
How does streaming lead to self-fulfilling prophecies?
Once streamed, it’s hard to move up or down and therefor kids develop a fatalistic view of their abilities and future.
What is differentiation in relation to school streaming?
The school separating children based purely on their perceived ability.
What is polarisation in relation to school streaming?
The process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of the two extremes; conforming or rebelling.
What is a pro-school subculture?
M/c pupils placed in higher streams remain committed to school values.
What did Lacey find about anti-school Subcultures amongst the working class?
W/c pupils who’re placed in lower streams feel abandoned and believe that the school had given up on them, so they give up on school.
What is Hargreaves’ triple of failure of boys in school?
If they’ve failed the 11+, placed into a low stream and labelled by teachers as worthless.
Why did Ball propose abolishing streaming?
Studying beachside school who abolished streaming he found that the influence and possibility of anti-school subcultures diminished.
What 4 responses of w/c subcultures did Woods propose?
Ingratiation: teacher’s pet
Ritualism: going through the motions
Retreatism: daydreaming & mucking about
Rebellion: outright rejection
How is labelling theory criticised?
Accused of being deterministic because it assumes all students accept their label.
What is Gillborn and Youdell’s educational triage?
Pupils are separated into 3 groups by teachers;
- those who will pass anyway
- borderline c/d who need help
- hopeless cases
Outline what cream-skimming is?
Selecting higher ability pupils who gain best results and are cheaper to teach.
Outline what silt-shifting is?
Off-loading pupils with learning difficulties, pupils that get bad grades and are expensive.
Outline how success breeds success in the marketisation of education?
A school gets good results > increased funding and can cream-skim > which leads to better reputation and then better results. Also allows for silt-shifting.
How did Bereiter and Engelman find low-income black US families’ language inadequate?
Saw it as ungrammatical, disjointed and incapable of expressing abstract ideas.
What did the Swann Report (1985) find about language in relation to educational success?
They found that language was not a major factor in under-achievement.
How do cultural deprivation theorists blame the attitudes and values of different ethnic groups for educational differences?
They aren’t socialised into mainstream culture; which means they don’t value education and have fatalistic views.
What did Moynihan say was the biggest cause of ethnic differences in achievement?
Most black families are headed by a long single mother which means the children lack a strong male breadwinner to keep them in check.
What did Charles Murray believe about lone parent families?
He stated that the current high rate of long parenthood and lack of a positive male role model had led to mass under-achievement.
What did Anthony Flew say caused ethnic differences of education achievement?
Cultural differences outside of the education system.
What did Scranton blame ethnic differences in achievement on?
Ethnic communities failure to adopt mainstream British culture.
How did Pryce explain the difference in achievement between Asian and Black pupils?
Asian families are stricter and more resistance to racism and bring up their children with greater ideas of self worth.
What did Ruth Lupton say about Asian families?
Asian parental figures are similar to school authority figures.
What percentage of white w/c 11-16 yos aspire for University compared to minority pupils?
White= 68% Minority= 80%
What did Lupton find about the difference between white and minority parents?
White w/c parents had no trust in schools because it failed them whereas minority w/c parents see it as a way for their children to get up in society.
What’s the main criticism of cultural deprivation theory?
It’s trying to impose white British m/c culture, values and attitudes on people who don’t want it.
What are two alternatives proposed instead of cultural deprivation theory?
Multi-cultural Education
Anti-Racist Education
State 3 findings from Flaherty’s 2004 study on ethnic material Deprivation…
- Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are 3x more likely than whites to be in the poorest 5th of society.
- Pakistanis are 2x more likely to be in unskilled work
- 15% of ethnic minority households live in overcrowded houses.
What did David Mason say racism was?
“Discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britain’s citizens of ethnic origin.”
What did Gillborn and Youdell find about black pupils from primary to secondary education?
We’re the highest achievers in young years but the lowest at GCSE.
What did Gillborn and Youdell discover about teacher’s behaviours towards black pupils?
Teachers are quicker to discipline black students for the same things that white students do.
What did Cecile Wright find about teacher’s behaviour affected Asian pupils?
Asian pupils felt forgotten, made outcasts and their names are mispronounced.
What is Mary Fuller’s study of young black girls?
They were neglected and labelled badly so acted badly in school but studied together at home and passed their GCSEs.
What main three types of teachers did Mirza identify?
- colourblind teachers: all pupils are equal
- liberal chauvinists: black pupils are underachievers
- overt racists: black pupils are inferior
