08/6 1st Sociology Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What did J.W.B Douglas find in relation to Cultural Deprivation?
A
W/c pupils scored less on tests of ability compared to m/c pupils.
2
Q
Similar to Douglas’ findings, what did Bernstein and Young find about w/c households?
A
W/c mothers aren’t as likely to buy mentally stimulating toys that will encourage mental development unlike m/c mothers.
3
Q
What did Bereiter and Engelmann claim about w/c language?
A
They defined w/c communications as gestures, single words or disjointed phrases.
4
Q
What did Basil Bernstein propose about language?
A
That there was restricted and elaborated code.
5
Q
What did Douglas find about how w/c parents felt about education?
A
W/c parents have less trust, less value and hope of success for their children in school.
6
Q
What did Feinstein discover about w/c parent’s lack of interest?
A
He found that lack of interest was the main cause of underachievement and is worse than financial restrictions.
7
Q
What do Cultural Deprivation theorists believe?
A
That lack of parental interest, inadequate socialisation, negative attitudes for school reflect the subcultural values of the working class.
8
Q
What did Hyman say w/c values are?
A
“Self-imposed barriers” to success.
9
Q
What 4 w/c subcultural attitudes did Sugarman argue act as a barrier to w/c success?
A
Fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification and present-time orientation.
10
Q
Why did Sugarman say w/c pupils don’t aim for success?
A
Because typical w/c jobs don’t offer promotions and opportunities to be promoted and get higher pay.
11
Q
What is compensatory education?
A
Compensatory Education is a policy designed to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources.
12
Q
Give two examples of compensatory education policies?
A
Sesame Street and Sure Start.
13
Q
Who proposes that there is a myth of cultural deprivation?
A
Nell Keddie.
14
Q
Why does Nell Keddie say there is a myth of cultural deprivation?
A
She says cultural deprivation is victim blaming and that w/c people cannot be deprived of a culture they never had. W/c culture is not deprived but different.
15
Q
What do Troyna and Williams say about the myth of cultural deprivation in relation to language in the school system?
A
They say that it’s not w/c children’s fault that their language is not accepted, it’s the education system’s fault.
16
Q
What did Blackstone and Mortimer say about parental interest?
A
W/c parents attend less parents evenings because of shift work and fear of the m/c atmosphere.
17
Q
What do critics of compensatory education say?
A
They say that compensatory policies are a “smoke-screen” to hide the real issue: social inequality.
18
Q
What percentage of failing schools are in deprived areas?
A
90%.
19
Q
How can poor housing affect educational achievement?
A
- less room for educational activities
- disturbed sleeping
- lack of safe space to play
- crowding leads to tension and accidents
- no heating/hot water causes illness
20
Q
Who proposed that poor diet and health could affect educational achievement?
A
Marilyn Howard
21
Q
What did Wilkinson propose about behaviour problems?
A
Among 10 y/os, the lower the social class the higher the rate of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders.
22
Q
Who proposed the cost of free schooling?
A
David Bull.
23
Q
What did Emily Tanner discover about the cost of free school?
A
Transport, uniform, books, computers, calculators, sports and music equipment are a burden on poor families.
24
Q
According to Flaherty, what percentage of student decline free school meals out of fear of stigmatisation?
A
20%.
25
What did Ridge find about w/c pupils jobs?
They take on jobs such as babysitting, cleaning and paper rounds which can have negative impacts on learning.
26
Who proposed three types of Capital?
Bourdieu.
27
What is Bourdieu's belief of cultural capital?
Refers to the knowledge, attitudes, values, language, taste and abilities of the middle class. It's a type of currency that gets people far within society.
28
What did Bourdieu say Educational and Economic capital?
Economic captain can be converted into educational capital when people use their money and financial status to secure their children good places in education.
29
What did Alice Sullivan find, using a questionnaire to support Bourdieu's findings?
She found that pupils who read complex fiction and watched serious TV documentaries developed a wider vocabulary and greater cultural knowledge.
30
Who proposed marketisation and parental choice?
Gewirtz.
31
What three parental types did Gewirtz propose?
- privileged skilled choosers
- disconnected local choosers
- semi skilled choosers
32
What did Geoft and Whitly say about marketisation?
Marketisation hasn't helped the w/c it had only helped he m/c.
33
Who proposed in-school labelling?
Howard Becker.
34
What did Cicourel and Kitsuse find in US school counselling sessions?
The counsellors suggested that m/c pupils aim for higher education and w/c black pupils should get a job despite having the same grades.
35
What did Ray Rist find about labelling in primary schools?
Teachers placed pupils into separate ability tables based on appearance and home background.
36
What did Gillborn and Youdell find about how black & w/c were treated at GCSE?
Black & w/c pupils labelled as "less-able" and put into lower sets and entered into foundation papers.
37
Outline Rosenthal and Jacobson's self-fulfilling prophecy study?
They falsely told teachers that a false group of students were going to do better in school and that they had higher IQs. However this wasn't true and when they returned a year later, the teachers praised and rewarded the higher IQ pupils and said they were doing better in grades and class work.
38
How does streaming lead to self-fulfilling prophecies?
Once streamed, it's hard to move up or down and therefor kids develop a fatalistic view of their abilities and future.
39
What is differentiation in relation to school streaming?
The school separating children based purely on their perceived ability.
40
What is polarisation in relation to school streaming?
The process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of the two extremes; conforming or rebelling.
41
What is a pro-school subculture?
M/c pupils placed in higher streams remain committed to school values.
42
What did Lacey find about anti-school Subcultures amongst the working class?
W/c pupils who're placed in lower streams feel abandoned and believe that the school had given up on them, so they give up on school.
43
What is Hargreaves' triple of failure of boys in school?
If they've failed the 11+, placed into a low stream and labelled by teachers as worthless.
44
Why did Ball propose abolishing streaming?
Studying beachside school who abolished streaming he found that the influence and possibility of anti-school subcultures diminished.
45
What 4 responses of w/c subcultures did Woods propose?
Ingratiation: teacher's pet
Ritualism: going through the motions
Retreatism: daydreaming & mucking about
Rebellion: outright rejection
46
How is labelling theory criticised?
Accused of being deterministic because it assumes all students accept their label.
47
What is Gillborn and Youdell's educational triage?
Pupils are separated into 3 groups by teachers;
- those who will pass anyway
- borderline c/d who need help
- hopeless cases
48
Outline what cream-skimming is?
Selecting higher ability pupils who gain best results and are cheaper to teach.
49
Outline what silt-shifting is?
Off-loading pupils with learning difficulties, pupils that get bad grades and are expensive.
50
Outline how success breeds success in the marketisation of education?
A school gets good results > increased funding and can cream-skim > which leads to better reputation and then better results. Also allows for silt-shifting.
51
How did Bereiter and Engelman find low-income black US families' language inadequate?
Saw it as ungrammatical, disjointed and incapable of expressing abstract ideas.
52
What did the Swann Report (1985) find about language in relation to educational success?
They found that language was not a major factor in under-achievement.
53
How do cultural deprivation theorists blame the attitudes and values of different ethnic groups for educational differences?
They aren't socialised into mainstream culture; which means they don't value education and have fatalistic views.
54
What did Moynihan say was the biggest cause of ethnic differences in achievement?
Most black families are headed by a long single mother which means the children lack a strong male breadwinner to keep them in check.
55
What did Charles Murray believe about lone parent families?
He stated that the current high rate of long parenthood and lack of a positive male role model had led to mass under-achievement.
56
What did Anthony Flew say caused ethnic differences of education achievement?
Cultural differences outside of the education system.
57
What did Scranton blame ethnic differences in achievement on?
Ethnic communities failure to adopt mainstream British culture.
58
How did Pryce explain the difference in achievement between Asian and Black pupils?
Asian families are stricter and more resistance to racism and bring up their children with greater ideas of self worth.
59
What did Ruth Lupton say about Asian families?
Asian parental figures are similar to school authority figures.
60
What percentage of white w/c 11-16 yos aspire for University compared to minority pupils?
```
White= 68%
Minority= 80%
```
61
What did Lupton find about the difference between white and minority parents?
White w/c parents had no trust in schools because it failed them whereas minority w/c parents see it as a way for their children to get up in society.
62
What's the main criticism of cultural deprivation theory?
It's trying to impose white British m/c culture, values and attitudes on people who don't want it.
63
What are two alternatives proposed instead of cultural deprivation theory?
Multi-cultural Education
| Anti-Racist Education
64
State 3 findings from Flaherty's 2004 study on ethnic material Deprivation...
- Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are 3x more likely than whites to be in the poorest 5th of society.
- Pakistanis are 2x more likely to be in unskilled work
- 15% of ethnic minority households live in overcrowded houses.
65
What did David Mason say racism was?
"Discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britain's citizens of ethnic origin."
66
What did Gillborn and Youdell find about black pupils from primary to secondary education?
We're the highest achievers in young years but the lowest at GCSE.
67
What did Gillborn and Youdell discover about teacher's behaviours towards black pupils?
Teachers are quicker to discipline black students for the same things that white students do.
68
What did Cecile Wright find about teacher's behaviour affected Asian pupils?
Asian pupils felt forgotten, made outcasts and their names are mispronounced.
69
What is Mary Fuller's study of young black girls?
They were neglected and labelled badly so acted badly in school but studied together at home and passed their GCSEs.
70
What main three types of teachers did Mirza identify?
- colourblind teachers: all pupils are equal
- liberal chauvinists: black pupils are underachievers
- overt racists: black pupils are inferior
71
What 4 responses did Sewell identify for black pupils in school?
- the rebels
- the conformists
- the retreatists
- the innovators
72
How did Stephen Ball criticise the national curriculum?
It ignores cultural and ethnic diversity and promotes "little England."
73
How did Richard Hatcher find schools to be institutionally racist?
He found they ignored race, culture and ethnic problems in learning and ignored racist behaviour of pupils.
74
What did Moore and Davenport find about minorities and marketisation?
It allows for schools to deny problem students; minorities.
75
What did the Commission for Racial Equality find about school admittance?
- primary schools stereotype ethnic pupils
- racist interviews for places
- lack of info and application forms for different languages
- minorities not told about important deadlines
76
How did Connolly say teachers found black and Asian pupils?
Black: disruptive
Asian: conformist
77
What did McRobbie find analysing girl's magazines from the 90s compared to the 70s?
70s: emphasised marriage and not being left on the shelf
90s: women should be assertive, independent and powerful.
78
How did feminism affect the gender gap in achievement?
Girls do considerably better in all stages of school.
79
Name three major changes in the family linked to gender differences?
- increase in divorce rate
- an increase in female headed parent families
- smaller families
80
Which 1970s act made it illegal to not pay women equal pay?
1970 Equal Pay Act
81
What act towards equality was declared in 1975?
Sex Discrimination Act 1975
82
What percentage of women were working in 1959 compared to 2007?
1959: 47%
2007: 70%
83
What is the glass ceiling?
The invisible barrier that keeps women out of high level, professional and managerial jobs.
84
What did Sharpe find in interviews of young girl's ambitions in 1974 compare to the 1990s?
1970s:
- low aspirations
- believed ambition and intelligence were unattractive
1990s:
- career driven
- wanted to support themselves
85
What 4 external factors could have affected the gender gap in achievement?
- feminism
- changes in the family
- changes in employment
- changes in ambition
86
What do GIST and WISE stand for?
GIST: girls into science and technology
WISE: women into science and engineering
87
What did Jo Boater say about the barriers for girls?
Because of less stigmatisation, lots of barriers have been removed.
88
How is there more positive female role models?
Female teachers in primary schools and powerful women in the media; Michele Obama.
89
What is bedroom culture?
The idea that girls are better at going homework, coursework and Btecs and making things neat and presentable.
90
What did Spencer find about teacher attention in relation to gender?
Spends more times with boys.
91
What did Francis say that boy's reported from their teachers?
Boys felt they were picked on more for small things in the classroom.
92
How were stereotypical gender types removed from the curriculum?
Science textbooks, instructional videos and sexist ideas removed from learning material.
93
According to Jackson, why did league tables cause girls to become more attractive to schools?
They get better grades and makes the school look better.
94
Why did Roger Slee boys are less attractive than girls to schools?
They're more likely to suffer from behavioural difficulties and 4x more likely to be excluded.
95
What do liberal feminists believe about girl's achievement?
They celebrate the progress made and say it will keep getting better and better.
96
What do radical feminists believe about girl's achievement?
They believe education is still patriarchal; sexual harassment is still a problem and there is a small number of female head teachers.
97
What do boys underachieve most in, according to the DCsF?
Literacy.
98
How do boy's leisure pursuits inhibit learning?
Sports clubs and Video Games take up a lot of time out of school and have their own subcultures within school.
99
How has globalisation led to a decline in jobs?
Less manufacturing and mining jobs, physical labour jobs so w/c boys have no prospects.
100
Why did Tony Sewell say boys underachieve?
Because education has become feminised; schools don't nurture masculine traits.
101
What do Sewell and Gorard believe about coursework?
It should be replaced with final exams because boys aren't good at it.
102
What percentage of primary school teachers are male?
16%.
103
What did Becky Francis find 7-8 yos believed about their teachers?
That their gender didn't matter and it wasn't something they noticed.
104
According to Epstein, why are w/c boys underachieving?
Scared of being labelled a "swot", w/c labour is physical and masculine and being educated means they're feminine and a sissy.
105
According to Francis, why are boys becoming more laddish?
"They're becoming increasingly laddish in the effort to construct themselves as not-feminine."
106
What did the FfES study find about gender and class gap?
The class gap in achievement at GCSE is three times wider than the gender gap.
107
What is Connolly's interactions effect?
That certain combinations of gender, class and ethnicity have a large affect on achievement than others.
108
What did Stables and Wikeley find about national curriculum lessons before GCSEs?
Girls still choose cooking whilst boys choose woodwork.
109
What is the gender difference at A-level?
Boys do better at maths and science.
| Girls do better at English, sociology and languages.
110
According to Ann Oakley, what are sex and gender?
Sex- born physical difference
| Gender- learned culturally differences
111
What did Norman find boys and girls as babies were rewarded for?
Boys- being active
| Girls- being passive
112
What are gender domains?
The strict ideas that children have for their ingroup and outgroup.
113
Why did Kelly say science is attractive to boys?
- most science teachers are male.
| - textbooks depict males
114
How can peer pressure affect choice of subjects?
Girls or boys who choose something unusual will have to deal with their friends and peers reactions.
115
How are jobs and employment gendered?
Jobs are often defined as boys or girls jobs.
116
What are 5 factors that influence gender identity?
- verbal abuse
- male peer groups
- teachers and discipline
- the male gaze
- double standards
117
What did Lees find about the abuse of girls?
Girls called "slags" and "drags".
118
What group of lads did Mac An Ghail discover?
Macholads.
119
What shift in stigma did Redman and Mac An Ghail find from GCSEs to A-levels?
Masculine went from macholad to Englishman.
120
What did Askew and Ross find about male teacher's behaviour towards female teachers?
Male teachers felt they had to protect female teachers from troublesome kids.
121
Who proposed the male gaze?
Mac An Ghail.
122
What is the male gaze?
A form of surveillance to control women that sees them as purely sexual beings.
123
What double standards for boys and girls did Lees uncover?
Boys are socially rewarded for being sexually active whereas girls are told they're slags and un-ladylike.
124
What two things did Durkheim propose for education?
Social solidarity
| Specialised and unspecialised skills
125
What is social solidarity?
The coming together of a society.
126
What is the distinction between skilled and unskilled work?
We need the diversity of employment for society to function.
127
Who proposed meritocracy?
Talcott Parsons (1961)
128
What is meritocracy?
Everyone has equal means to achieve.
129
What are particularistic and universalistic standards?
Particularistic: at home
Universalistic: at school and wider society.
130
According to functionalist, how does school prepare kids for wider society?
Secondary socialisation and mirroring.
131
Who proposed role allocation?
Davis and Moore
132
What is Role Allocation?
Selecting and allocating pupils into roles to fit into the future society.
133
What did Blow and Duncan argue about role allocation?
Capitalism depends on people selling their human capital and labour to capitalism.
134
How is role allocation a circular theory?
- how do we know what jobs are important?
- because they're high paid
- why are they high paid?
- because they're important
135
How do marxists criticise the functional perspective?
They say that schools reflects the ideology of the ruling class.
136
What does Wrong say functionalist assume?
That people are puppets.
137
Why do The New Right favour marketisation?
They believe that if something doesn't meet our needs we should be able to choose a better option.
138
Who proposed consumer choice?
Chubb and Moe.
139
What is consumer choice?
The New Right believe that if schools had to compete for students the schools would keep on improving.
140
What do The New Right say the two roles of the state are?
- state creates things like ofstead which encourage competition
- makes sure history, religion are taught in schools.
141
How do Gewirtz and Ball criticise consumer choice?
It only benefits the m/c .
142
What are ascribed and achieved statuses?
Ascribed; inherited
| Achieved; were earned.
143
Name all of the functionalist thinkers on education...
Durkheim
Parsons
Davis and Moore.
144
Who proposed ISA and RSA?
Althusser.
145
What is the ISA (ideological state apparatus)?
Maintain the rule of the bourgeoise through religion, mass media and education.
146
What is RSA (repressive state apparatus)?
Maintain the rule of the bourgeoisie through force; police, criminal justice system and army's
147
What did Bowles and Ginitis believe a school's purpose was?
To reproduce obedient workers.
148
In their study, what did Bowles and Gintis find was rewarded in schools?
Submissive, compliant workers.
| Independence and creativity got lower grades.
149
What two theories did Bowles and Gintis propose?
The correspondence principle and the hidden curriculum.
150
What is the correspondence principle?
The values of a workplace are mirrored in school.
151
What is the hidden curriculum?
Students accept hierarchies, competition, small breaks and shifts.
152
How do Bowles and Gintis describe the education system?
"A giant myth-making-machine."
153
What is the myth of meritocracy?
The idea that everyone has equal chances of success is false.
154
Who did the learning to labour study?
Paul Willis.
155
What did the 'lads' in the learning to labour study call the boys who were smart?
'Earholes.
156
What did the lads in Paul Willis study want to do?
Abandon education and follow in their father's footsteps.
157
Why did Paul Willis believe the boys in his study played an active roles in their lives?
He believe they failed on purpose to end up in work like their fathers.
158
How does Macdonald criticise Marxists?
They ignore that education is part of the patriarchy.
159
How are Bowles and Gintis criticised?
They see pupils as passive.
160
Who are the Marxist key thinkers?
Althusser
Bowles and Gintis
Paul Willis.
161
What was the tripartite system?
Grammar schools
Secondary moderns
Technical schools
162
What year was the tripartite system implemented?
1994
163
What is the comprehensive system?
Streaming and labelling
| 11+ abolished
164
What year was the comprehensive system implemented?
1965
165
What did the ERA do in 1988?
Increased marketisation and parental choice.
166
Who founded the ERA system?
The New Right because they love marketisation.
167
How did ERA, marketisation and parental choice not work?
Reproduced inequalities, league tables, funding formula and there was a myth of parentocracy for m/c parents.
168
After 1977, how did new labour policies promote diversity?
Schools became specialist which raised standards and GCSEs improved.
169
Why did Thompson say that postmodern views are an improvement?
They gave people what they asked for:
More faith schools
Diverse curriculum
More languages
170
How did New Labour policies deter students from University?
Increased prices.
171
What three New Labour changed were supposed to improve on ethnicity?
- assimilation
- multicultural education
- social inclusion
172
What did Louise Archer say?
Used habitus idea to outline the conflict between w/c and boys values.
173
What is the Nike identity?
Symbolic violence leads to class identitys where w/c kids see respect of labels.
174
What is symbolic violence?
Destroying the ideas and values through reinforcements
175
What is a habitus?
A general class shared values.
