14th Century (1300s) Flashcards
Who is William Wallace and how did he contribute to the First Scottish War of Independence? (c.1270-1305)
- Who He Was:
- Leader of the Scottish rebellion and now a national symbol of Scotland.
- Contribution:
- His leadership and military tactics inspired the Scottish resistance.
- Captured and executed by the English in 1305.
What were the key causes and outcomes of the First Scottish War of Independence? (1296-1328)
- Causes:
- Began in 1296 when Edward I invaded Scotland.
- Outcomes:
- Eventually led to the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328, recognizing Scotland’s independence.
Who was Robert the Bruce and how did he secure Scottish independence? (r.1306-1329)
- Who He Was:
- Crowned King of Scots in 1306.
- Significance:
- Led Scotland during the later stages of the First Scottish War of Independence.
- Secured a decisive victory at the Battle of Bannockburn (1314), which was crucial to Scotland being recognized as independent.
What challenges defined Edward II’s reign? (r.1307-1327)
- Who He Was:
- Successor to Edward Longshanks.
- Challenges:
- Marked by military failures, including his defeat at Bannockburn.
- Eventually deposed by his wife, Isabella, the first time an anointed king of England was dethroned since Aethelred in 1013.
What were the major events during Edward III’s reign? (r.1327-1377)
- Key Events:
- Outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War.
- Devastation of the Black Plague.
- Expansion of English power and territory over France.
What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War? (1337–1453)
- Causes:
- Dispute over the French throne between Edward III of England and Philip IV.
- Early Victories:
- English won key battles at Crécy (1346) and Poitiers (1356).
What impact did the Black Plague have on England? (1347-1351)
- Impact:
- Killed an estimated one-third of England’s population.
- Disrupted fighting in the Hundred Years’ War.
What was the Statute of Praemunire, and why was it important? (1353)
- What It Was:
- A legal measure enacted under Edward III.
- Significance:
- Prevented English subjects from appealing to the Pope in legal matters.
- Reinforced the independence of the English legal system
How did Richard II’s reign, by his actions and personality, lead to his downfall?(r.1377-1399)
- Who He Was:
- Successor following Edward III’s death.
- Downfall:
- A capricious king whose actions alienated the nobility.
- Eventually deposed by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke (Henry IV).
How did Henry IV (Bolingbroke) become king and what royal cadet house was he from? (r.1399-1413)
- Who He Was:
- Ascended in 1399 after deposing Richard II.
- First king of the cadet branch of the House of Lancaster under the Plantagenet dynasty.
- His reign was marked by ongoing uprisings from rival factions.
What is the significance of the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373?
- What It Was:
- The oldest continuous treaty in existence.
- Significance:
- Established a military and political alliance between England and Portugal that endures to this day.
What was the significance of the Battle of Poitiers in the Hundred Years’ War? (1356)
- What It Was:
- Major English victory under Edward, the Black Prince.
- Significance:
- The English, though outnumbered, used tactical prowess to defeat the French army and capture King John II of France.
How did the Treaty of Brétigny affect the course of the Hundred Years’ War? (1360)
- What It Was:
- Ended the first phase of the war following the capture of King John II of France.
- Outcome:
- England gained large swaths of Aquitaine.
- King John II ransomed for 10,000 marcs.
Who was Geoffrey Chaucer and what did he write? (c.1343-1400)
- Who He Was:
- English poet and author.
- What He Wrote:
- Known for The Canterbury Tales, a seminal work in English literature that depicted medieval society.
