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B14- RESPONSE TO STIMULI > 14.4- RECEPTORS > Flashcards

14.4- RECEPTORS Flashcards

1
Q

How does the CNS receive sensory info?

A

from its internal + external environment through variety of receptors, each type responding to different + specific type of stimulus

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2
Q

What is the function of receptors?

A

sensory reception

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3
Q

What does sensory perception involve?

A

making sense of information from receptors

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4
Q

What is sensory perception largely a function of?

A

the brain

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5
Q

What does the Pacinian corpuscle respond to?

A

changes in mechanical pressure

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6
Q

What is the Pacinian corpuscle specific to?

A

specific to single type of stimulus

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7
Q

What stimulus is the Pacinian corpuscle specific to?

A

responds only to mechanical pressure

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8
Q

What does the Pacinian corpuscle produce?

A

generator potential by acting as transducer

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9
Q

What do all stimuli involve a change in?

A

change in some form of energy

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10
Q

What is the role of the transducer?

A

convert change in form of energy by stimulus into form, namely nerve impulses that can be understood by body

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11
Q

What does the stimulus always involve?

A

change in some form of energy, e.g. heat, light, sound, or mechanical energy

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12
Q

What do receptors transduce?

A

one form of energy into another

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13
Q

What do receptors in the nervous system convert energy of the stimulus into?

A

nervous impulse known as generator potential

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14
Q

What does the Pacinian corpuscle transduce?

A

mechanical energy of stimulus into generator potential

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15
Q

Where do Pacinian corpuscles occur?

A

deep in skin

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16
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles most abundant in? (3)

A

most abundant on fingers, soles of feet and external genitalia

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17
Q

Where else do Pacinian corpuscles occur?

A

joints, ligaments and tendons

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18
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscles do in joints, ligaments + tendons?

A

enable organism to know which joints changing direction

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19
Q

Where is the single sensory neurone of a Pacinian corpuscle?

A

at centre of layers of tissue, each separated by gel

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20
Q

What does the sensory neurone ending at the centre of the Pacinian corpuscle have?

A

special type of sodium channel in its plasma membrane

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21
Q

What is the sodium channel in the plasma membrane of the sensory neurone ending at the centre of the Pacinian corpuscle called?

A

stretch-mediated sodium channel

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22
Q

Why are stretch-mediated sodium channels called so?

A

as their permeability to sodium changes when they’re deformed

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23
Q

How are the stretch-mediated sodium channels of membrane around the neurone of a Pacinian corpuscle in its normal (resting) state?

A

too narrow to allow sodium ions to passing along them

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24
Q

What potential does the neurone of the Pacinian corpuscle have at normal (resting) state?

A

resting potential

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25
Q

What happens when pressure is applied to the Pacinian corpuscle?

A

it’s deformed + membrane around its neurone becomes stretched

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26
Q

What does the stretching of the membrane when pressure is applied to the Pacinian corpuscle cause?

A

widens sodium channels in membrane + sodium ions diffuse into neurone

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27
Q

What does sodium ions diffusing into the neurone cause?

A

influx of sodium ions changes potential of membrane (becomes depolarised) thereby producing generator potential

28
Q

What does the generator potential create?

A

creates action potential that passes along neurone + then, via their neurones, to CNS

29
Q

Where is the light receptor cells of the mammalian eye found?

A

on its innermost layer, the retina

30
Q

What are the two types of light receptor cells?

A

rod and cone cells

31
Q

What do rod and cone cells act as?

A

transducers

32
Q

How do rod and cone cells act as transducers?

A

by conserving light energy into electrical energy of nerve impulse

33
Q

What colour images do rod cells produce?

A

black and white

34
Q

Why do rod cells produce images in black and white?

A

as rod cells cannot distinguish different wavelengths of light

35
Q

Comparison of numbers of rod cells and cone cells?

A

rod cells more numerous than cone cells

36
Q

How many rod cells are connected to a single sensory neurone in the optic nerve?

A

many rod cells

37
Q

At what light intensity are rod cells used to detect light?

A

rod cells used to detect light of very low light intensity

38
Q

What must be exceeded before a generator potential is created in bipolar cells?

A

certain threshold value

39
Q

What is it called when a number of rod cells are connected to a single bipolar cell?

A

retinal convergence

40
Q

As there are many rod cells connected to a single bipolar cells, what does this increase the chance?

A

greater change that threshold value will be exceeded than if only single rod cells were connected to each bipolar cell

41
Q

As there are many rod cells connected to a single bipolar cell and so there is a greater chance of exceeding the threshold value, what does this mean? (hint- light intensity)

A

rod cells allows us to see in low light intensity

42
Q

In order to create a generator potential, what happens in the rod cells?

A

pigment in rod cells (rhodopsin) must be broken down

43
Q

What is a consequence of many rod cells linking to a single bipolar cell?

A

light received by rod cells sharing same neurone will only generate single impulse travelling to brain regardless of how many of the neurones stimulated

44
Q

What is the visual acuity of rod cells like?

A

low visual acuity

45
Q

What does it mean for rod cells to have a low visual acuity?

A

brain cannot distinguish between separate sources of light that stimulated them
two dots close together cannot be resolved + so will appear as single blob

46
Q

How many different types of cone cells are there?

A

three different types

47
Q

What does each type of cone cell respond to?

A

each respond to different range of wavelengths of light

48
Q

How many cone cells are connected to a a bipolar cell connected to a sensory neurone in the optic nerve?

A

own separate bipolar cell connected to sensory neurone in optic nerve

49
Q

As each cone cell is connected to its own separate bipolar cell, what does this mean?

A

means stimulation of number of cone cells cannot be combined to help exceed threshold value + so create generator potential

50
Q

As a number of cone cells cannot combine to exceed the threshold value, what does this mean? (hint- light intensity)

A

cone cells only respond to high light intensity and not to low light intensity

51
Q

What is the pigment in cone cells?

A

iodopsin

52
Q

What light intensity does iodopsin require for it to be broken down?

A

higher light intensity

53
Q

How many different cone cells are there and what is each pigment like?

A

three different types of cone cell, each containing specific type of iodopsin

54
Q

As there are three different types of cone cells, each containing a specific type of iodopsin, what does this mean? (hint- wavelength)

A

each cone cell sensitive to different specific range of wavelenghts

55
Q

How many cone cells are connected to a single bipolar cell?

A

each cone cell has its own connection to single bipolar cell

56
Q

As each cone cells has its own connection to a single bipolar cell, what happens if two adjacent cone cells are stimulated?

A

brain receives two separate impulses

57
Q

When two adjacent cone cells are stimulated and the brain receives two separate impulses, what does this show?

A

brain can distinguish between two separate sources of light that stimulated the two cone cells

58
Q

What is the visual acuity of cone cells like?

A

good visual acuity

59
Q

What is the distribution of rod and cone cells described to be like?

A

uneven

60
Q

How is light focused in the eye?

A

focused by lens on part of retina opposite pupil

61
Q

What is the part of the retina opposite the pupil known as?

A

fovea

62
Q

What intensity of light does the fovea receive?

A

high intensity of light

63
Q

As the fovea receives a high intensity of light, what cells are present?

A

cone cells, but not rod cells found in fovea

64
Q

How does the concentration of cone cells change further from the fovea?

A

conc. of cone cells diminishes further away from fovea

65
Q

What is the light intensity at the peripheries like?

A

light intensity lowest

66
Q

What cells are found at the periheries?

A

only rod cells

B14- RESPONSE TO STIMULI (5 decks)

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