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chemistry - inuola > 14.3 Polymers > Flashcards

14.3 Polymers Flashcards

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1
Q

What are polymers?

A

Polymers are large molecules built by linking 50 or more smaller molecules called monomers

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2
Q

What are the repeating units connected to each other by?

A

Each repeat unit is connected to the adjacent units via covalent bonds

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3
Q

What are homopolymers?

A

homopolymers contain just one type of unit

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4
Q

What are 2 examples of homopolymers?

A

polythene and polychloroethene, commonly known as PVC

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5
Q

What are copolymers?

A

Others contain two or more different types of monomer units and which are called copolymers

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6
Q

What are 2 examples of copolymers?

A

Examples include nylon and biological proteins

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7
Q

Do all polymers have the same linkages?

A

NO

Different linkages also exist, depending on the monomers and the type of polymerisation

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8
Q

What are 3 examples of linkages?

A

Examples of linkages are covalent bonds, amide links and ester links

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9
Q

What are examples of synthetic polymers?

A

Plastics, nylon and terylene

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10
Q

What type of polymer is nylon?

A

Nylon is a copolymer

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11
Q

How is nylon used?

A

used to produce clothing, fabrics, nets and ropes

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12
Q

What type of polymer is terylene?

A

Terylene is a polyester

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13
Q

What is terylene made from and what joins it together?

A

made from monomers which are joined together by ester links

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14
Q

How is terylene used?

A

Terylene is used extensively in the textile industry and is often mixed with cotton to produce clothing

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15
Q

What are 3 examples of plastics?

A

poly(e)thene
polypropene
polychloroethene

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16
Q

What is the repeating unit for polythene?

A 
|~  H H  ~|
       |     |   |     |
-- |---C--C---| --
   |    |    |     | 
   |_ H  H  _| n
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17
Q

What is the repeating unit for polypropene?

A 
|~  CH3 H  ~|
   |     |       |     |
-- |---C-----C---| --
   |    |        |     | 
   |_ H      H  _| n
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18
Q

What is the repeating unit for polychloroethene? PVC

A 
|~  H Cl  ~|
   |     |   |     |
-- |---C--C---| --
   |    |    |     | 
   |_ H  H  _| n
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19
Q

What are uses of polythene?2

A
  • plastic bags (low density polythene)

- plastic bottles (high density polythene)

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20
Q

What are uses of polypropene? 3

A
  • food packaging
  • ropes
  • carpets
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21
Q

What are uses of polychloroethene? 4

A
  • plastic sheets
  • artificial leather
  • drainpipes and gutters
  • insulation on wires
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22
Q

What are non-biodegradable plastics?

A

These are plastics which do not degrade over time or take a very long time to degrade, and cause significant pollution problems

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23
Q

Where is plastic pollution the biggest problem?

A

In particular plastic waste has been spilling over into the seas and oceans

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24
Q

Why is it a problem when plastic gets into oceans?

A

it causes huge disruptions to marine life

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25
Q

What problems do non-biodegradable plastics cause in landfills?

A

In landfills waste polymers take up valuable space as they are non-biodegradable so microorganisms cannot break them down.

This causes the landfill sites to quickly fill up

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26
Q

What problems do non-biodegradable plastics cause when they are incinerated? (complete combustion)

A

Polymers release a lot of heat energy when incinerated and produce carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change

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27
Q

What problems do non-biodegradable plastics cause when they are incinerated? (incomplete combustion)

A

If incinerated by incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide will be produced which is a toxic gas that reduces the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen

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28
Q

Why can polymers not be simply recycled?

A

Polymers can be recycled but different polymers must be separated from each other which is a difficult and expensive process

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29
Q

How are addition polymers formed?

A

Addition polymers are formed by the joining up of many monomers

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30
Q

In what monomers can addition polymerisation occur?

A

only occurs in monomers that contain C=C bonds

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31
Q
  1. what bonds are broken during addition polymerisation?

addition polymerisation

A

One of the bonds in each C=C bond breaks

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32
Q
  1. After the C=C bonds are broken, what new ones are formed?

addition polymerisation

A

forms a bond with the adjacent monomer

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33
Q
  1. What bonds does the polymer have?

addition polymerisation

A

the polymer being formed containing single bonds only

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34
Q
  1. What are polymers usually made of?

addition polymerisation

A

Many polymers can be made by the addition of alkene monomers

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35
Q
  1. if the polymer is not made of alkene monomers, what can it be made of?

addition polymerisation

A

Others are made from alkene monomers with different atoms attached to the monomer such as chlorine or a hydroxyl group

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36
Q
  1. How is the name of a polymer deduced?

addition polymerisation

A

The name of the polymer is deduced by putting the name of the monomer in brackets and adding poly- as the prefix

37
Q
  1. What is the name of a polymer if propene is used?

addition polymerisation

A

polypropene

38
Q

What happens during condensation polymerisation? What is removed?

A

Condensation polymers are formed when monomer molecules are linked together with the removal of a small molecule, usually water

39
Q

What is used in condensation polymerisation?

A

Condensation polymerisation usually involves two different monomers, each one having a functional group on each end

40
Q

How can condensation polymerisation be reversed?

A

Hydrolysing (adding water) to the compound in acidic conditions usually reverses the reaction and produces the monomers by rupturing the peptide link

41
Q

What is used to display the formula of a polymer molecule?

A

Repeat units are used when displaying the formula

42
Q
  1. What is different between the bonds in a monomer and a repeating unit?

(drawing repeating units)

A

Change the double bond in the monomer to a single bond in the repeat unit

43
Q
  1. What needs to be added to each end when drawing a repeating unit?

(drawing repeating units)

A

Add a bond to each end of the repeat unit

44
Q
  1. What must be remembered when drawing bonds on either side of a repeating unit?

(drawing repeating units)

A

The bonds on either side of the polymer must extend outside the brackets (these are called extension or continuation bonds)

45
Q
  1. What symbol must be added outside the repeating unit? What does this show?

(drawing repeating units)

A

A small subscript n is written on the bottom right-hand side to indicate a large number of repeat units

46
Q

How could you deduce the polymer from a monomer?

A
  • Identify the repeating unit in the polymer
  • Change the single bond in the repeat unit to a double bond in the monomer
  • Remove the bond from each end of the repeat unit and the subscript n
47
Q

What type of polymer is nylon?

A

A POLYAMIDE - a polymer where the monomer units are joined together by amide (peptide) links

48
Q

What is nylon made of?

A

made from dicarboxylic acid monomers and diamines

49
Q

What is a dicarboxylic acid?

A

a carboxylic with a -COOH group at either end

50
Q

What is a diamine?

A

an amine with an -NH2 group at either end

51
Q

What groups react together in the formation of nylon?

A

Each -COOH group reacts with another -NH2 group on another monomer

52
Q

What is formed during the formation of nylon?

A

An amide linkage is formed with the subsequent loss of one water molecule per link

53
Q

What do carbohydrates provide?

A

Carbohydrates provide energy which is released during cellular respiration

54
Q

Why are proteins important?

A

Proteins are the building blocks of cells and are essential for growth and all of the enzyme catalysts in the body are proteins

55
Q

What type of polymers are proteins?

A

Proteins are condensation polymers

56
Q

What monomers are proteins made from? What bonds join them?

A

formed from amino acid monomers joined together by peptide bonds, similar to the structure in Nylon

57
Q

How does the structure of a protein differ from nylon?

A

The units in proteins are different however, consisting of amino acids

58
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Amino acids are small molecules containing NH2 and COOH functional groups

59
Q

how many amino acids do most proteins contain?

A

Most proteins contain at least 20 different amino acids

60
Q
  1. What can proteins be hydrolysed by?

Hydrolysis of proteins

A

Proteins can be hydrolysed by the addition of water in acidic or alkaline conditions

61
Q
  1. What conditions are used to hydrolyse proteins?

Hydrolysis of proteins

A

Heat and concentrated acid (usually 6 mol/dm3 HCl) are used with a reflux condenser

62
Q
  1. Why is a reflux condenser used?

Hydrolysis of proteins

A

to prevent the acidic vapours from escaping the reaction vessel

63
Q
  1. What is added after the reaction is complete?

Hydrolysis of proteins

A

Aqueous ammonia is added after completion to neutralise the excess acid

64
Q
  1. What other substance can be used to hydrolyse proteins at room temperature?

Hydrolysis of proteins

A

Enzymes can also be used to hydrolyse some proteins at room temperature, mimicking natural bodily processes

65
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A

Carbohydrates are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

66
Q

What general formula do carbohydrates have?

A

Cx(H2O)y

67
Q

What two types of carbohydrates are there?

A

There are simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates

68
Q

What are simple carbohydrates? Give examples

A

Simple carbohydrates are called monosaccharides and are sugars such as fructose and glucose

69
Q

What are complex carbohydrates? Give examples

A

Complex carbohydrates are called polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose.

70
Q

What type of polymers are complex carbohydrates?

A

These are condensation polymers formed from simple sugar monomers

71
Q

What types of monomers are complex carbohydrates made from, which makes them different from proteins?

A

Complex carbohydrates, unlike proteins, are usually made up of the same monomers

72
Q

What is eliminated when simple sugars polymerise?

A

A H2O molecule is eliminated when simple sugars polymerise

73
Q

What linkage is formed when simple sugars polymerise?

A

The linkage formed is an -O- linkage called a glycosidic linkage

74
Q

What process can complex carbohydrates undergo to produce the monomers they were made from?

A

The complex carbohydrates also undergo hydrolysis and produce the simple sugar monomers from which they were made

75
Q

How can complex carbohydrates be hydrolysed?

A

This can be done by refluxing with more moderately concentrated HCl

76
Q
  1. What is produced by fermenting simple sugars?

Fermentation of simple sugars

A

Simple sugars can be fermented to produce alcohol

77
Q
  1. What are simple sugars dissolved in and in what conditions?

Fermentation of simple sugars

A

They are dissolved in water and yeast is added to be fermented between 15 and 35°C in the absence of oxygen for a few days

78
Q
  1. How does temperature affect the rate of reaction during the fermentation of simple sugars?

Fermentation of simple sugars

A

If the temperature is too low the reaction rate will be too slow and if it is too high the enzymes will become denatured

79
Q
  1. What type of enzymes does yeast contain?

Fermentation of simple sugars

A

Yeast contains zymase enzymes (biological catalysts) that break down starch or sugar to glucose

80
Q
  1. In what ways does yeast respire due to a lack of oxygen and what does it produce?

Fermentation of simple sugars

A

The yeast respires anaerobically using the glucose to form ethanol and carbon dioxide

81
Q
  1. What is the chemical equation for the anaerobic respiration of yeast?

Fermentation of simple sugars

A

C6H12O6 + Enzymes → 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH

82
Q
  1. How can chromatography be useful in the hydrolysis of carbohydrates and proteins?

(chromatography and the hydrolysis of carbohydrates and proteins)

A

The identification of the products of the hydrolysis of carbohydrates and proteins can be done using chromatography

83
Q
  1. The products of the hydrolysis of carbohydrates and proteins are colourless. How can chromatography still be used?

(chromatography and the hydrolysis of carbohydrates and proteins)

A

Both carbohydrate and protein monomers are colourless so locating agents must be used

84
Q
  1. What type of chromatography is used and why?

chromatography and the hydrolysis of carbohydrates and proteins

A

A technique called 2-Dimensional paper chromatography is used as some simple sugars and amino acids have the same Rf value

85
Q
  1. how does 2-dimensional paper chromatography work?

chromatography and the hydrolysis of carbohydrates and proteins

A

In this technique a run is carried out in one direction, then the paper is rotated by 90º and performed again using a different solvent

86
Q
  1. Why is 2-dimensional paper chromatography useful?

chromatography and the hydrolysis of carbohydrates and proteins

A

This further separates sample spots that may not have separated in the first run

87
Q
  1. What is done with the final chromatogram?

chromatography and the hydrolysis of carbohydrates and proteins

A

The resulting chromatogram is dried and sprayed with a locating agent

88
Q
  1. How are the products identified?

chromatography and the hydrolysis of carbohydrates and proteins

A

The Rf value of each solvent used is characteristic for each sugar or amino acid

chemistry - inuola (15 decks)

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