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5.14 Hormonal Communication > 14.1 Hormonal Communication > Flashcards

14.1 Hormonal Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Defintion of a endocrine gland

A

group of cells which are specialised to secrete hormones directly into the blood stream

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2
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of

A

endocrine glands

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3
Q

What are the major endocrine glands

A

-pituitary gland
-pineal gland
-thymus
-pancreas
-ovary
-testis
-adrenal gland
-thyroid gland

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4
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland

A

produces melatonin which affects reproductive development and daily cycles

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5
Q

What is the function of the thymus

A

produces thymosin which promotes production and maturation of white blood cells

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6
Q

What is the function of the pancreas

A

produces insulin which converts excess glucose into glycogen in the liver, and glucagon which converts glycogen back to glucose

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7
Q

What is the function of the ovary

A

produces oestrogen and progesterone which controls ovulation and secondary sex characteristics, progesterone also prepares the uterus lining for receiving a embryo

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8
Q

What is the function of the testis

A

produce testosterone which controls sperm production and secondary sex characteristics

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9
Q

What is the function of the adrenal gland

A

produces adrenaline which increases HR, breathing rate and raises blood sugar level

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10
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland

A

produces thyroxine which controls the rate of metabolism and rate that glucose is used up in respiration, promotes growth

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11
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland

A

-makes several hormones
-close proximity to the hypothalamus ensures hormonal and nervous responses are closely linked and coordinated
-produces growth hormone which control growth of muscles and bones
-produces anti-diuretic hormone which increases reabsorption of water in the kidneys
-gonadotrophins which control development of ovaries and testis

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12
Q

What are hormones

A

chemical messsengers which are secreted and transported in the blood for a widespread and long lasting effect

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13
Q

What are steroid hormones and their effect on target cells

A

-lipid-soluble
-diffuse through the cell surface membrane of target cells and bind to receptors which are present in the cytoplasm or nucleus to form a hormone-receptor complex
-hormone-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor which in turn facilitates or inhibits the transcription of a specific gene

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14
Q

What is an example of a steroid hormone

A

oestrogen

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15
Q

What are non-steroid hormones and their effect on target cells

A

-insoluble hormones so hydrophilic
-cannot directly pass through cell surface membrane of target cells
-bind to specific receptors on the cell surface membrane which triggers a cascade of responses within the cell mediated by chemicals called secondary receptors

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16
Q

What is an example of a non-steroid hormone

A

adrenaline

17
Q

What is the difference between hormonal system (H) and nevour system (N) communication

A

-H transmission by blood system, N transmission by neurones
-H transmission is slow, N transmission is very rapid
-H travels to all parts of the body but only target cells respond, nerve implies travel to specific parts of the body
-H response is slow, widespread and long-lasting. N is localised, rapid and short-lived
-H effect may be permanent and irreversible, N is temporary and reversible
-H communication is by hormones, N communication is by nervous system

18
Q

What is the contrast between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

-exocrine glands secrete chemicals through ducts in organs or to the surface of the body
-endocrine glands secrete chemicals directly into the bloodstream

19
Q

What is the structure of the adrenal glands

A

-2 small glands located on the top of each kidney
-3cm in height and 5cm in length
-made up of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla surrounded by a capsule

20
Q

What is the function of the adrenal glands

A

adrenal cortex - outer region of glands, produces hormones which are vital to life (eg. aldosterone)
adrenal medulla - inner region, produces non-essential hormones (eg. adrenaline)

21
Q

What is the productions of hormones by the adrenal cortex controlled by?

A

hormones released by pituitary gland

22
Q

What are the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A

-glucocorticoids
-mineralocorticoids
-androgens

23
Q

What is the function of glucocorticoids

A

-help regulate metabolism
-regulate blood pressure and cardiovascular function in response to stress
-release is controlled by the hypothalamus

24
Q

What is the function of mineralocorticoids

A

-aldosterone mainly produced which helps control blood pressure by maintaining balance between salt and water concentrations in the blood and body fluids
-its release is mediated by signals triggered by the kidneys

25
Q

What is the function of androgens

A

-small amounts of male and female sex hormones are released
-released by the ovaries or testes after puberty
-impact is relatively small

26
Q

When are hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla released

A

when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulation when the body is stressed

27
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla

A

adrenaline
noradrenaline

28
Q

What is the function of adrenaline

A

increases HR sending blood quickly to the muscles and brain. Rapidly raises glucose conc. levels by converting glycogen to glucose in the liver

29
Q

What is the function of noradrenaline

A

-works with adrenaline in response to stress
-increases HR, widens pupils, widens air passages of lungs, narrows blood vessels in non-essential organs

30
Q

What does noradrenaline and adrenaline control?

A

The SA node

31
Q

Where is adrenaline and noradrenaline produced?

A

adrenal medulla

32
Q

What are the difference in the effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

Adrenaline specifically increases heart rate, noradrenaline increases blood pressure

33
Q

Define exocrine gland?

A

Secrete chemicals through ducts into organs or to the surface of body

5.14 Hormonal Communication (6 decks)

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