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P.E Physiology > 1.4 The Musculo-Skeletal System and Analysis of Movement > Flashcards

1.4 The Musculo-Skeletal System and Analysis of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What does the sagittal plane split?

A

Splits the body down the middle resulting in a left and right side.

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2
Q

What does the frontal plane split?

A

Divides the body into a front and back section.

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3
Q

What does the transverse plane split?

A

Divides the body across the middle, leaving a top and bottom half.

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4
Q

Which plane is also called the horizontal plane?

A

The Transverse Plane.

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5
Q

Which plane splits the body down the middle resulting in a left and right side.

A

The sagittal plane.

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6
Q

Which plane divides the body into a front and back section.

A

The frontal plane.

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7
Q

Which plane divides the body across the middle, leaving a top and bottom half.

A

The transverse plane.

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8
Q

Summarise each plane:

  • Frontal
  • Sagittal
  • Transverse
A 
Frontal = Front and Back.
Sagittal = Left and Right.
Transverse = Top and Bottom.
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9
Q

In which plane does walking occur?

A

Sagittal.

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10
Q

In which plane do side bends occur?

A

Frontal.

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11
Q

In which plane does side stepping occur?

A

Frontal.

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12
Q

In which plane does jogging occur?

A

Sagittal.

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13
Q

In which plane does a 360 degree twist occur?

A

Transverse.

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14
Q

Which axes is like a pig on a spit?

A

Longitudinal.

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15
Q

In which plane and axes does a cartwheel occur?

A

Frontal plane.

Sagittal axis.

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16
Q

In which plane and axes does a forward roll occur?

A

Sagittal plane.

Transverse axis.

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17
Q

In which plane and axes does a somersault occur?

A

Sagittal plane.

Transverse axis.

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18
Q

In which plane and axes does a twist jump occur?

A

Transverse plane.

Longitudinal axis.

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19
Q

Why is the transverse plane also known as the horizontal plane?

A

Because it splits the body horizontally.

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20
Q

What should be thought of like a metal rod?

A

Axis, a metal rod goes in the body and movement can only occur as if the rod was rotated.

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21
Q

What is the transverse axis?

A

Hip to hip.

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22
Q

What is the longitudinal axis?

A

Vertical line through the head to feet.

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23
Q

What is the sagittal axis?

A

Stabs through the body.

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24
Q

What is flexion?

A

Movement decreasing the angle at a joint.

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25
Q

What is extension?

A

Movement increasing the angle at a joint.

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26
Q

What is dorsi-flexion?

A

Flexing the toes upwards towards the shin, decreasing the angle at the ankle joint.

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27
Q

What is plantar-flexion?

A

Extending the toes away from the shin, increasing the angle at the ankle joint.

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28
Q

What is hyperextension?

A

Increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees when extending.

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29
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement of a limb towards the body’s midline.

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30
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement of a limb away from the body’s midline.

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31
Q

What is horizontal adduction?

A

Moving the arm towards the body from a 90 degree position.

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32
Q

What is horizontal abduction?

A

Moving the arm away the body at a 90 degree position.

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33
Q

Which movement involves going onto the tip-toes?

A

Plantar-flexion, the toes are planted towards the ground.

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34
Q

Which movement involves bringing the arm towards the body?

A

Adduction, the arm is being added to the midline.

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35
Q

Which type of joint is present in the knee?

A

Hinge joint.

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36
Q

Which type of joint is present at the shoulder?

A

Ball and socket joint.

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37
Q

Which type of joint is present at the hip?

A

Ball and socket joint.

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38
Q

Which types of movement are available at the knee joint?

A

It is a hinge joint -> Flexion and extension.

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39
Q

Which types of movement are available at the shoulder joint?

A

It is a ball and socket joint -> Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation.

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40
Q

Which types of movement are available at the hip joint?

A

It is a ball and socket joint -> Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation.

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41
Q

The Frontal Plane divides the body into which sections?

A

Anterior and Posterior, (frontal = front and back).

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42
Q

The Sagittal Plane divides the body into which sections?

A

Right and Left, (sagittal = sides).

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43
Q

The Transverse Plane divides the body into which sections?

A

Upper and Lower, (transverse = tutu dress).

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44
Q

What movements occur in the Frontal Plane?

A

Abduction, Adduction, Lateral Flexion.

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45
Q

What movements occur in the Sagittal Plane?

A

Flexion, Extension, Plantar-flexion, Dorsi-flexion.

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46
Q

What movements occur in the Transverse Plane?

A

Pronation, Supination, Spinal Rotation.

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47
Q

Give examples of a sporting action in the Frontal plane?

A

Star jumps and Cartwheels.

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48
Q

Give examples of a sporting action in the Sagittal plane?

A

Forward movements, Sit ups, Kicking a football and Somersaults.

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49
Q

Give examples of a sporting action in the Transverse plane?

A

Ice skating spin, Tennis forehand, Hammer throw rotation.

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50
Q

What are the articulating bones at the shoulder?

A

Scapula and Humerus (the clavicle does not actually articulate at the joint).

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51
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

A

Ball and Socket joint.

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52
Q

What are the possible movements available at the shoulder joint?

A

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction.

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53
Q

What type of joint in the elbow?

A

Hinge and Pivot joint.

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54
Q

Which bones articulate at the elbow?

A

Humerus, Radius and Ulna.

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55
Q

What movements are possible at the elbow joint?

A

Flexion, extension and rotation.

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56
Q

Isotonic (Definition):

A

Muscle contracts and moves (changes length) either concentrically or eccentrically.

57
Q

Concentric (Definition):

A

A type of isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens as it contracts.

58
Q

Eccentric (Definition):

A

A type of isotonic contraction where the muscle lengthens as it contracts.

59
Q

Isometric (Definition):

A

Where the muscle contracts but is held or there is no movement.

60
Q

Agonist (Definition):

A

The prime mover, the muscle or muscle group that is mainly responsible for causing the movement.

61
Q

Antagonist (Definition):

A

The muscle or muscle group that acts to produce the opposite movement of the agonist.

62
Q

Articulating bones (Definition):

A

The bones that move at a joint.

63
Q

Which muscle is referred to as the prime mover?

A

The Agonist.

64
Q

At the shoulder joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for flexion?

A

The pectoralis major causes flexion.

65
Q

At the shoulder joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for extension?

A

The latissimus dorsi causes extension.

66
Q

At the shoulder joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for abduction?

A

The deltoid causes abduction.

67
Q

At the shoulder joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for adduction?

A

The latissimus dorsi causes adduction.

68
Q

At the shoulder joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for rotation?

A

The rotator cuff causes rotation.

69
Q

At the shoulder joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for circumduction?

A

All shoulder related muscles cause circumduction.

70
Q

At the shoulder joint, what movement/s are caused by the latissimus dorsi?

A

Extension and adduction.

71
Q

At the shoulder joint, what movement/s are caused by the deltoid?

A

Abduction.

72
Q

At the shoulder joint, what movement/s are caused by the pectoralis major?

A

Flexion.

73
Q

At the shoulder joint, what movement/s are caused by the rotator cuff?

A

Rotation.

74
Q

At the elbow joint, what movement/s are caused by the biceps?

A

Flexion.

75
Q

At the elbow joint, what movement/s are caused by the triceps?

A

Extension.

76
Q

At the elbow joint, what movement/s are caused by the pronator teres and supinator?

A

Rotation.

77
Q

At the elbow joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for flexion?

A

Biceps.

78
Q

At the elbow joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for extension?

A

Triceps.

79
Q

At the elbow joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for rotation?

A

Pronator teres and supinator.

80
Q

The humerus, radius and ulna articulate at which joint?

A

The elbow.

81
Q

The scapula and humerus articulate at which joint?

A

The shoulder.

82
Q

T / F:

The scapula, humerus and clavicle articulate at the shoulder joint.

A

False, the scapula does not articulate at the shoulder.

83
Q

T / F:

The scapula and clavicle articulate at the shoulder joint.

A

True.

84
Q

T / F:

The scapula and clavicle articulate at the elbow joint.

A

False, they articulate at the shoulder.

85
Q

Which bones articulate at the hip joint?

A

The femur and pelvis articulate at the hip.

86
Q

What type of joint is the hip?

A

Ball and Socket.

87
Q

Give an example of a ball and socket joint?

A

Shoulder or hip.

88
Q

Where do the femur and pelvis articulate?

A

The hip joint.

89
Q

What are the possible movements at the hip joint?

A

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation and circumduction.

90
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

A hinge joint.

91
Q

Which bones articulate at the ankle?

A

Tibia, fibula and talus.

92
Q

Which joint do the tibia, fibula and talus bones articulate at?

A

The ankle.

93
Q

Which movements are possible at the ankle?

A

Dorsiflexion and plantar-flexion.

94
Q

At the hip joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for extension?

A

Gluteals.

95
Q

At the hip joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for flexion?

A

Iliopsoas.

96
Q

At the hip joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for adduction?

A

Adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis (complex!).

97
Q

At the hip joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for abduction?

A

Tensor fascia latae.

98
Q

At the hip joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for rotation?

A

Sartorius.

99
Q

At the hip joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for circumduction?

A

All hip related muscles cause circumduction.

100
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

The knee is a hinge joint.

101
Q

At the ankle joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for dorsi-flexion?

A

Tibialis anterior.

102
Q

At the ankle joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for plantar-flexion?

A

Gastrocnemius (calf).

103
Q

What movements are caused by the gastrocnemius?

A

Plantar-flexion.

104
Q

What movements are caused by the tibialis anterior?

A

Dorsi-flexion.

105
Q

What movements are possible at the knee joint?

A

Flexion and extension.

106
Q

At the knee joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for flexion?

A

hamstring group.

107
Q

At the knee joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for extension?

A

quadriceps group.

108
Q

What bones articulate at the knee?

A

Femur, fibula and tibia.

109
Q

T/F:

The Femur, patella, fibula and tibia articulate at the knee.

A

False, the patella does not actually articulate at the joint.

110
Q

Which joint does the patella articulate at?

A

Trick question, it is the knee cap and does not actually articulate at any joint as it is a floating bone.

111
Q

What movement is caused by the deltoid?

A

Adduction at the shoulder joint.

112
Q

What movement is caused by the bicep?

A

Flexion at the elbow joint.

113
Q

What movement is caused by the rotator cuff?

A

Rotation at the shoulder joint.

114
Q

What movement is caused by the gluteals?

A

Extension at the hip.

115
Q

What movement is caused by the quadriceps?

A

Extension at the knee.

116
Q

What movement is caused by the tricep?

A

Extension at the elbow joint.

117
Q

What movement is caused by the hamstrings?

A

Flexion at the knee.

118
Q

What movement is caused by the tensor fascia latae?

A

Abduction at the hip.

119
Q

What movement is caused by the Iliopsoas?

A

Flexion at the hip.

120
Q

Where is the Iliopsoas located?

A

Inner hip as it causes flexion at the hip.

121
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair at the knee?

A

The quadriceps group and the hamstrings group.

122
Q

Tendons (Definition):

A

Fibrous tissues that join bone to muscle.

123
Q

Ligaments (Definition):

A

Strong, flexible fibre that connects bones to each other.

124
Q

Flexion (Definition):

A

Movement decreasing the angle between limbs.

125
Q

Abduction (Definition):

A

Movement of a limb away from the body’s midline.

126
Q

Extension (Definition):

A

Movement increasing the angle between limbs.

127
Q

Adduction (Definition):

A

Movement of a body part towards the body’s midline.

128
Q

Antagonistic pair (Definition):

A

Two muscles working together, one contracts while the other relaxes.

129
Q

Agonist (Definition):

A

Muscle or muscle group responsible for the movement.

130
Q

Antagonist (Definition):

A

Acts to produce the opposite action of the agonist.

131
Q

Isometric contraction (Definition):

A

Where a muscle contracts but the length of the muscle does not change, (therefore it doesn’t move).

132
Q

Eccentric contraction (Definition):

A

Occurs when the muscle lengthens due to a greater opposing force.

133
Q

Concentric contraction (Definition):

A

Occurs when the muscle shortens, therefore generating force.

134
Q

Sagittal plane (Definition):

A

Divides the body into a left and right section.

135
Q

Frontal plane (Definition):

A

Divides the body into a front and back section.

136
Q

Transverse plane (Definition):

A

Divides the body into a top and bottom section.

137
Q

Articulating bones (Definition):

A

Where two or more bones meet to allow movement at a joint.

138
Q

Which tissue joins bone to bone?

A

Ligaments.

139
Q

Which tissue joins bone to muscle?

A

Tendons.

P.E Physiology (6 decks)

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