1.4 The Musculo-Skeletal System and Analysis of Movement Flashcards
1
Q
What does the sagittal plane split?
A
Splits the body down the middle resulting in a left and right side.
2
Q
What does the frontal plane split?
A
Divides the body into a front and back section.
3
Q
What does the transverse plane split?
A
Divides the body across the middle, leaving a top and bottom half.
4
Q
Which plane is also called the horizontal plane?
A
The Transverse Plane.
5
Q
Which plane splits the body down the middle resulting in a left and right side.
A
The sagittal plane.
6
Q
Which plane divides the body into a front and back section.
A
The frontal plane.
7
Q
Which plane divides the body across the middle, leaving a top and bottom half.
A
The transverse plane.
8
Q
Summarise each plane:
- Frontal
- Sagittal
- Transverse
A
Frontal = Front and Back. Sagittal = Left and Right. Transverse = Top and Bottom.
9
Q
In which plane does walking occur?
A
Sagittal.
10
Q
In which plane do side bends occur?
A
Frontal.
11
Q
In which plane does side stepping occur?
A
Frontal.
12
Q
In which plane does jogging occur?
A
Sagittal.
13
Q
In which plane does a 360 degree twist occur?
A
Transverse.
14
Q
Which axes is like a pig on a spit?
A
Longitudinal.
15
Q
In which plane and axes does a cartwheel occur?
A
Frontal plane.
Sagittal axis.
16
Q
In which plane and axes does a forward roll occur?
A
Sagittal plane.
Transverse axis.
17
Q
In which plane and axes does a somersault occur?
A
Sagittal plane.
Transverse axis.
18
Q
In which plane and axes does a twist jump occur?
A
Transverse plane.
Longitudinal axis.
19
Q
Why is the transverse plane also known as the horizontal plane?
A
Because it splits the body horizontally.
20
Q
What should be thought of like a metal rod?
A
Axis, a metal rod goes in the body and movement can only occur as if the rod was rotated.
21
Q
What is the transverse axis?
A
Hip to hip.
22
Q
What is the longitudinal axis?
A
Vertical line through the head to feet.
23
Q
What is the sagittal axis?
A
Stabs through the body.
24
Q
What is flexion?
A
Movement decreasing the angle at a joint.
25
What is extension?
Movement increasing the angle at a joint.
26
What is dorsi-flexion?
Flexing the toes upwards towards the shin, decreasing the angle at the ankle joint.
27
What is plantar-flexion?
Extending the toes away from the shin, increasing the angle at the ankle joint.
28
What is hyperextension?
Increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees when extending.
29
What is adduction?
Movement of a limb towards the body's midline.
30
What is abduction?
Movement of a limb away from the body's midline.
31
What is horizontal adduction?
Moving the arm towards the body from a 90 degree position.
32
What is horizontal abduction?
Moving the arm away the body at a 90 degree position.
33
Which movement involves going onto the tip-toes?
Plantar-flexion, the toes are planted towards the ground.
34
Which movement involves bringing the arm towards the body?
Adduction, the arm is being added to the midline.
35
Which type of joint is present in the knee?
Hinge joint.
36
Which type of joint is present at the shoulder?
Ball and socket joint.
37
Which type of joint is present at the hip?
Ball and socket joint.
38
Which types of movement are available at the knee joint?
It is a hinge joint -> Flexion and extension.
39
Which types of movement are available at the shoulder joint?
It is a ball and socket joint -> Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation.
40
Which types of movement are available at the hip joint?
It is a ball and socket joint -> Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation.
41
The Frontal Plane divides the body into which sections?
Anterior and Posterior, (frontal = front and back).
42
The Sagittal Plane divides the body into which sections?
Right and Left, (sagittal = sides).
43
The Transverse Plane divides the body into which sections?
Upper and Lower, (transverse = tutu dress).
44
What movements occur in the Frontal Plane?
Abduction, Adduction, Lateral Flexion.
45
What movements occur in the Sagittal Plane?
Flexion, Extension, Plantar-flexion, Dorsi-flexion.
46
What movements occur in the Transverse Plane?
Pronation, Supination, Spinal Rotation.
47
Give examples of a sporting action in the Frontal plane?
Star jumps and Cartwheels.
48
Give examples of a sporting action in the Sagittal plane?
Forward movements, Sit ups, Kicking a football and Somersaults.
49
Give examples of a sporting action in the Transverse plane?
Ice skating spin, Tennis forehand, Hammer throw rotation.
50
What are the articulating bones at the shoulder?
Scapula and Humerus (the clavicle does not actually articulate at the joint).
51
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
Ball and Socket joint.
52
What are the possible movements available at the shoulder joint?
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction.
53
What type of joint in the elbow?
Hinge and Pivot joint.
54
Which bones articulate at the elbow?
Humerus, Radius and Ulna.
55
What movements are possible at the elbow joint?
Flexion, extension and rotation.
56
Isotonic (Definition):
Muscle contracts and moves (changes length) either concentrically or eccentrically.
57
Concentric (Definition):
A type of isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens as it contracts.
58
Eccentric (Definition):
A type of isotonic contraction where the muscle lengthens as it contracts.
59
Isometric (Definition):
Where the muscle contracts but is held or there is no movement.
60
Agonist (Definition):
The prime mover, the muscle or muscle group that is mainly responsible for causing the movement.
61
Antagonist (Definition):
The muscle or muscle group that acts to produce the opposite movement of the agonist.
62
Articulating bones (Definition):
The bones that move at a joint.
63
Which muscle is referred to as the prime mover?
The Agonist.
64
At the shoulder joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for flexion?
The pectoralis major causes flexion.
65
At the shoulder joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for extension?
The latissimus dorsi causes extension.
66
At the shoulder joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for abduction?
The deltoid causes abduction.
67
At the shoulder joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for adduction?
The latissimus dorsi causes adduction.
68
At the shoulder joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for rotation?
The rotator cuff causes rotation.
69
At the shoulder joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for circumduction?
All shoulder related muscles cause circumduction.
70
At the shoulder joint, what movement/s are caused by the latissimus dorsi?
Extension and adduction.
71
At the shoulder joint, what movement/s are caused by the deltoid?
Abduction.
72
At the shoulder joint, what movement/s are caused by the pectoralis major?
Flexion.
73
At the shoulder joint, what movement/s are caused by the rotator cuff?
Rotation.
74
At the elbow joint, what movement/s are caused by the biceps?
Flexion.
75
At the elbow joint, what movement/s are caused by the triceps?
Extension.
76
At the elbow joint, what movement/s are caused by the pronator teres and supinator?
Rotation.
77
At the elbow joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for flexion?
Biceps.
78
At the elbow joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for extension?
Triceps.
79
At the elbow joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for rotation?
Pronator teres and supinator.
80
The humerus, radius and ulna articulate at which joint?
The elbow.
81
The scapula and humerus articulate at which joint?
The shoulder.
82
T / F:
| The scapula, humerus and clavicle articulate at the shoulder joint.
False, the scapula does not articulate at the shoulder.
83
T / F:
| The scapula and clavicle articulate at the shoulder joint.
True.
84
T / F:
| The scapula and clavicle articulate at the elbow joint.
False, they articulate at the shoulder.
85
Which bones articulate at the hip joint?
The femur and pelvis articulate at the hip.
86
What type of joint is the hip?
Ball and Socket.
87
Give an example of a ball and socket joint?
Shoulder or hip.
88
Where do the femur and pelvis articulate?
The hip joint.
89
What are the possible movements at the hip joint?
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation and circumduction.
90
What type of joint is the knee joint?
A hinge joint.
91
Which bones articulate at the ankle?
Tibia, fibula and talus.
92
Which joint do the tibia, fibula and talus bones articulate at?
The ankle.
93
Which movements are possible at the ankle?
Dorsiflexion and plantar-flexion.
94
At the hip joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for extension?
Gluteals.
95
At the hip joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for flexion?
Iliopsoas.
96
At the hip joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for adduction?
Adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis (complex!).
97
At the hip joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for abduction?
Tensor fascia latae.
98
At the hip joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for rotation?
Sartorius.
99
At the hip joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for circumduction?
All hip related muscles cause circumduction.
100
What type of joint is the knee joint?
The knee is a hinge joint.
101
At the ankle joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for dorsi-flexion?
Tibialis anterior.
102
At the ankle joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for plantar-flexion?
Gastrocnemius (calf).
103
What movements are caused by the gastrocnemius?
Plantar-flexion.
104
What movements are caused by the tibialis anterior?
Dorsi-flexion.
105
What movements are possible at the knee joint?
Flexion and extension.
106
At the knee joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for flexion?
hamstring group.
107
At the knee joint, which muscle/s is the agonist for extension?
quadriceps group.
108
What bones articulate at the knee?
Femur, fibula and tibia.
109
T/F:
| The Femur, patella, fibula and tibia articulate at the knee.
False, the patella does not actually articulate at the joint.
110
Which joint does the patella articulate at?
Trick question, it is the knee cap and does not actually articulate at any joint as it is a floating bone.
111
What movement is caused by the deltoid?
Adduction at the shoulder joint.
112
What movement is caused by the bicep?
Flexion at the elbow joint.
113
What movement is caused by the rotator cuff?
Rotation at the shoulder joint.
114
What movement is caused by the gluteals?
Extension at the hip.
115
What movement is caused by the quadriceps?
Extension at the knee.
116
What movement is caused by the tricep?
Extension at the elbow joint.
117
What movement is caused by the hamstrings?
Flexion at the knee.
118
What movement is caused by the tensor fascia latae?
Abduction at the hip.
119
What movement is caused by the Iliopsoas?
Flexion at the hip.
120
Where is the Iliopsoas located?
Inner hip as it causes flexion at the hip.
121
What is the antagonistic muscle pair at the knee?
The quadriceps group and the hamstrings group.
122
Tendons (Definition):
Fibrous tissues that join bone to muscle.
123
Ligaments (Definition):
Strong, flexible fibre that connects bones to each other.
124
Flexion (Definition):
Movement decreasing the angle between limbs.
125
Abduction (Definition):
Movement of a limb away from the body's midline.
126
Extension (Definition):
Movement increasing the angle between limbs.
127
Adduction (Definition):
Movement of a body part towards the body's midline.
128
Antagonistic pair (Definition):
Two muscles working together, one contracts while the other relaxes.
129
Agonist (Definition):
Muscle or muscle group responsible for the movement.
130
Antagonist (Definition):
Acts to produce the opposite action of the agonist.
131
Isometric contraction (Definition):
Where a muscle contracts but the length of the muscle does not change, (therefore it doesn't move).
132
Eccentric contraction (Definition):
Occurs when the muscle lengthens due to a greater opposing force.
133
Concentric contraction (Definition):
Occurs when the muscle shortens, therefore generating force.
134
Sagittal plane (Definition):
Divides the body into a left and right section.
135
Frontal plane (Definition):
Divides the body into a front and back section.
136
Transverse plane (Definition):
Divides the body into a top and bottom section.
137
Articulating bones (Definition):
Where two or more bones meet to allow movement at a joint.
138
Which tissue joins bone to bone?
Ligaments.
139
Which tissue joins bone to muscle?
Tendons.
