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P.E Physiology > 1.3 The Neuromuscular System > Flashcards

1.3 The Neuromuscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are neuromuscular responses to exercise?

A
  • Increased number of muscle fibres recruited.

- Increased rate of fibre recruitment.

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2
Q

Why are more fibres recruited during exercise?

A

As fibres become fatigued, more fibres will be recruited as the brain attempts to maintain desired force.

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3
Q

Recap - what are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system and what are they responsible for?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Sympathetic speeds up heart rate and parasympathetic brings it back down to resting level.

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4
Q

Recap - which receptor system is located in the muscles and detects muscular movement?

A

Proprioceptors.

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5
Q

Athletes with more slow twitch muscle fibres tend to do better in what type of events?

A

Endurance events such as walking or long-distance running.

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6
Q

Athletes with more fast twitch muscle fibres tend to do better in what type of events?

A

Events involving a short burst of intense exercise such as 100 metres and shot put.

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7
Q

name the three types of muscle fibres.

A

Slow twitch type 1;
Fast twitch type 2a;
Fast twitch type 2b.

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8
Q

Is it possible to change your fibre types?

A

No, they cannot be changed, however they can take on characteristics of other fibre types.

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9
Q

If a performer does an excessive amount of long-distance aerobic training, what happens to their muscle fibres.

A

The type of fibres stay the same, however some may adapt to take on characteristics of slow twitch.

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10
Q

What determines the number of different muscle fibres a person has?

A

Their genetics.

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11
Q

What is the ‘muscle fibre composition’?

A

The make-up / percentage of fast and slow twitch fibres.

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12
Q

Is it possible to change a slow twitch muscle fibre into a fast twitch muscle fibre or vise-versa?

A

No fibres cannot be changed between fast and slow.

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13
Q

Is it possible to change a fast twitch muscle fibre 2a into a fast twitch muscle fibre 2b or vise-versa?

A

Yes, the two fast twitch muscle fibre types are interchangeable.

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14
Q

Suggest the muscle fibre composition of a cheetah.

A

Cheetahs have a very high percentage of fast twitch muscle fibres.

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15
Q

What is the name for fast twitch muscle fibres type 2a?

A

fast oxidative glycolitic, (FOG).

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16
Q

What is the name for fast twitch muscle fibres type 2b?

A

fast twitch glycolitic, (FTG).

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17
Q

What is the contraction speed for the three muscle types?

A

Type 1 - Slow
Type 2a - Fast
Type 2b - Fastest

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18
Q

What is the size (of individual muscle fibres) for the three muscle types?

A

Type 1 - Small
Type 2a - Medium
Type 2b - Large

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19
Q

What is the relative force produced for the three muscle types?

A

Type 1 - Low
Type 2a - High
Type 2b - Very high

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20
Q

What is the fatiguability for the three muscle types?

A

Type 1 - Low
Type 2a - Medium
Type 2b - High

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21
Q

What is the number of mitochondria in each muscle for the three muscle types?

A

Type 1 - Many
Type 2a - Some (low)
Type 2b - Few (very low)

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22
Q

What is the myoglobin concentrations for the three muscle types?

A

Type 1 - Very high
Type 2a - Some (low)
Type 2b - Few (very low)

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23
Q

What is the glycogen stores for the three muscle types?

A

Type 1 - Low
Type 2a - Medium
Type 2b - High

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24
Q

What is the capillary density for the three muscle types?

A

Type 1 - High
Type 2a - Low
Type 2b - Very low

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25
Q

What is the aerobic capacity for the three muscle types?

A

Type 1 - Very high
Type 2a - Medium
Type 2b - Low

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26
Q

What is the anaerobic capacity for the three muscle types?

A

Type 1 - Low
Type 2a - Medium
Type 2b - Very high

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27
Q

What is the elasticity for the three muscle types?

A

Type 1 - Low
Type 2a - Medium
Type 2b - Very high

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28
Q

What is the excitability for each of the three muscle types?

A

Type 1 - Low
Type 2a - Medium
Type 2b - Very high

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29
Q

What is the phosphocreatine stores for each of the three muscle types?

A

Type 1 - Low
Type 2a - Medium
Type 2b - Very high

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30
Q

How are each of the muscle types powered?

A

Type 1 - Aerobically
Type 2a - Anaerobically but with a small percentage of oxygen
Type 2b -Anaerobically

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31
Q

What colour are type 1 muscle fibres and why?

A

Red because of the large amount of red blood cells that carry oxygen.

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32
Q

What colour are type 2a muscle fibres and why?

A

They are usually pinkish as they have a sparse number of red blood cells.

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33
Q

What colour are type 2b muscle fibres and why?

A

White because they have few to no red blood cells.

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34
Q

Which systems does the type 2b muscle fibres use for energy?

A

ATP / PC system for energy as no red blood cells.

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35
Q

What type of muscle fibre would a discuss thrower have?

A
  • Type 2b / fast twitch glycolytic / FTG.
  • Due to the fast speed of contraction required.
  • Also due to the high force of contraction, it requires a powerful, strong contraction.
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36
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

The one motor neurone that comes from the brain and links to the neuromuscular junctions.

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37
Q

T / F - One motor neurone is used to stimulate a single whole muscle.

A

False, many motor neurones are required to stimulate a number of fibres in the muscle to contract the whole muscle.

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38
Q

What does a motor neurone stimulate?

A

A number of fibres within a muscle.

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39
Q

T / F - Each motor unit contains only one type of muscle type.

A

True, a motor unit contains one type of muscle fibre only.

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40
Q

In a motor unit, what happens during contraction to the motor units?

A

All of the motor units contract or none of them do.

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41
Q

What are the features in the structure of a motor neurone?

A
  • Nucleus.
  • Cell body.
  • Dendrites.
  • Axon.
  • Mylien Sheath.
  • Nodes of Ranvier.
42
Q

Function of the mylien sheath?

A

Protect and insulate the axon so that ion exchange can occur at only the nodes.

43
Q

The mylien sheath is a layer of what cells?

A

Shwann cells.

44
Q

What do the dendrites do?

A

Project into the grey matter (of the brain) to receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body.

45
Q

What does the cell body do?

A

It contains the nucleus of the motor neurone.

46
Q

Where is the cell body located?

A

In the grey matter of the spinal cord.

47
Q

Where is the nucleus located?

A

It is held within the cell body.

48
Q

Function of the axon?

A

Transmits impulses from the nucleus to the muscle fibres.

49
Q

What are the nodes of Ranvier?

A

gaps in the mylien sheath on the outside of the axon.

50
Q

What is the function of the nodes of Ranvier?

A

They speed up conduction velocity and reduce ‘ion-run down’, it only happens here so it is more efficient.

51
Q

What is the rough speed of transmission with a mylien sheath and without one?

A

With = 5m/s or less
Without = 100 m/s or greater
(20x greater)

52
Q

What is the general figure for resting potential? (with units)

A

-70mV

53
Q

What is the resting potential measured in?

A

millivolts (mV)

54
Q

What is meant by the term, resting potential?

A

The charge difference between the outside of a neurone membrane and the inside.

55
Q

Explain why the neurone membrane is polarised?

A

Because there is a difference in charge between the outside and inside of the membrane.

56
Q

Stimulation of the neurone causes Na+ gates to open in the membrane, what does this lead to?

A

Na+ rushes into the neurone from the outside, resulting in depolarisation of the membrane in the area where stimulation occurred.

57
Q

When is an action potential produced?

A

When charge changes and reaches a threshold of -50mV.

58
Q

How does an action potential travel down a neuromuscular junction?

A

The opening of one Na+ gate triggers the opening of the next and a wave of depolarisation occurs.

59
Q

What is meant by all or none?

A

If the minimum threshold is not reached then no action potential occurs.

60
Q

How is a membrane repolarised?

A

It is returned to resting state by the sodium / potassium pump.

61
Q

Why must the neurone be repolarised?

A

So that is can be stimulated again.

62
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Where the muscle becomes bigger and stronger.

63
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

Where the motor neurone and the muscle fibres meet.

64
Q

What types of training would cause the adaptation of Type IIb fibres to Type IIa fibres?

A

Long, slow, distance, continuous, endurance training types.

65
Q

In which type of sporting activities would the adaptation of Type IIb fibres to Type IIa fibres be relevant to the sportsperson?

A

Activities requiring aerobic endurance rather than speed, such as triathlons or marathons.

66
Q

What does PNF stretching stand for?

A

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation stretching.

67
Q

Muscle spindles and Golgi tendons are what type of receptors?

A

Proprioceptors.

68
Q

What are the name for the very sensitive proprioceptors that lie between skeletal muscle fibres.

A

Stretch receptors.

69
Q

What do stretch receptors provide?

A

They provide excitory signals to the CNS about how fast and how far a muscle is being stretched.

70
Q

How does a stretch receptor cause a muscular contraction?

A

The receptor detects the muscle stretching and sends a signal to the CNS, the CNS then sends a signal back to the muscle telling it to contract, triggering the stretch reflex.

71
Q

What causes a stretch reflex?

A

Stretch receptors detect muscle stretching and send excitory signals to the CNS. The signal is sent back to the muscle telling it to contract, this is the stretch reflex.

72
Q

What is the purpose of a stretch reflex?

A

The reflex action prevents over-stretching to reduce the risk of injury.

73
Q

How does the body prevent over-stretching?

A

The body has a natural stretch reflex which contracts a muscle to prevent it.

74
Q

Where are Golgi tendons found?

A

They are found between the muscle fibre and tendon.

75
Q

What is the function of Golgi tendons?

A

To detect levels of tension in the muscles.

76
Q

What is PNF?

A

An advanced stretching technique which is effective for flexibility training to increase range of motion.

77
Q

How does PNF stretching work?

A

Stimulates proprioceptors in the muscle and tendon to cause muscular relaxation in the antagonistic muscle.

78
Q

When a muscle is contracted isometrically in PNF, what do Golgi tendons do?

A

Detect increased muscle tension and send inhibitory signals to the brain which allow the antagonistic muscle to relax and lengthen.

79
Q

What is autogenic inhibition?

A

Where Golgi tendons send inhibitory signals to the brain which allow the antagonistic muscle to relax and lengthen.

80
Q

Which muscle is relaxed when PNF stretching?

A

The antagonistic muscle.

81
Q

When the antagonistic muscle relaxes in PNF stretching, what does this cause?

A

A greater range of movement due to increased flexibility and lengthens.

82
Q

Which receptors detect levels of tension in the muscle?

A

Proprioceptors -> Golgi Tendon Organs.

83
Q

Where are Golgi Tendon Organs found?

A

In the tendons, which join muscle fibre to bone.

84
Q

When are Golgi Tendon Organs activated?

A

They are activated when there is tension in a muscle.

85
Q

Muscle spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs are types of what receptors?

A

Proprioceptors.

86
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

Where there is tension in a muscle but no visible movement.

87
Q

Give an example of a PNF stretch:

A 
Behind head chest stretch.
Prone quadriceps stretch.
Overhead triceps stretch.
Overhead lat stretch.
Seated front deltoid stretch.
88
Q

During PNF stretching, what does CRAC stand for?

A

Contract,
Relax,
Antagonist,
Contract.

89
Q

Is partner aided PNF stretching an active or passive stretch?

A

Passive, an external force is provided by the partner.

90
Q

How long is a PNF stretch held for at the maximum range off movement?

A

a few seconds up to 30 seconds, dependant on the performer.

91
Q

During PNF stretching, the stretch is held at the maximum range of movement. What type of contraction is the muscle undergoing?

A

Isometric contraction.

92
Q

What relation does PNF stretching have to the stretch reflex?

A

PNF aims to over-ride the stretch reflex.

93
Q

Which muscle fibre ‘type’ is SLOW TWITCH?

A

type 1.

94
Q

Which muscle fibre ‘type’ is FAST OXIDATIVE GLYCOLYTIC?

A

type 2a.

95
Q

Which muscle fibre ‘type’ is FAST GLYCOLYTIC?

A

type 2b.

96
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Where a muscle has become bigger and stronger.

97
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A cord or band of dense, tough, inelastic, white, fibrous tissue which connects muscle to bone.

98
Q

What is wave summation?

A

Where the nerve impulse is repeated with no time to relax, creating a smooth, sustained contraction.

99
Q

What is a tetanic contraction?

A

A forceful, sustained, smooth contraction caused by a series of repeating fast stimuli.

100
Q

What type of contraction is involved in PNF stretching?

A

Isometric contraction (not moving).

P.E Physiology (6 decks)

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