1.4. Nutritional & dietary requirements Flashcards
What are DRV’s?-UK
-Dietary reference values
-are estimates of the nutritional requirements for different groups of healthy people in the UK population.
-Should be used as guides to ensure people are getting sufficient nutrients.
What is EAR?-UK
-Estimated Average Requirement
-is an estimate of the average requirement for energy or a nutrient - approximately 50% of a group of people will require less, and 50% will require more.
What is RNI?-UK
-Reference Nutrient Intake
- is the amount of a nutrient that is enough to ensure that the needs of nearly all the group of people (97.5%) are being met.
What is LRNI?-UK
-Lower Reference Nutrient Intake
- The amount of a nutrient that is enough for only the small number of people that have low requirements (2.5%).
What is Safe intake?-UK
-used where there is insufficient evidence to set an EAR, RNI or LRNI.
-The safe intake is the amount judged to be sufficient for everyone.
How do dietary guidelines differ from the UK in USA and Canada?
-They have RDI’s- ref dietary intake which are nutritional reccomendations and a guide for healthy people
-Their EAR is average daily level sufficient to meet the needs of about 50% of the population.
-They have RDA’s- reccomended dietary allowance which is the average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%-98%) healthy people.
-AI-adequate intake- used when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA
-UL- Tolerable Upper Intake Level maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects.
What are the factors that can affect nutritional needs of individuals?
Age
Gender
Body size (height and weight)
Physical activity level (PAL)
Health status
Pregnancy and lactation
Why is diet important during infancy?
-Time of rapid growth and development
Describe the diet of a child up to 6 months old?
Should consist of either breast or infant formula milk, specifically formulated to meet their nutritional needs.
Diet of a 6 month old?
-Food should be slowly introduced to diet (weaning)- ensures they have sufficient nutrients for growth; particularly iron and protein.
-Foods should be semi-solid at first, to prevent choking and aid digestion.
-Baby cereals, pureed fruits and vegetables are usually first foods introduced.
Also Rice-based cereals as they have a low chance of food allergy or intolerance.
Diet of a child 6 months- 5 year old?
-Recommended to be given nutritional supplements of vitamins A, C and D (difficult for young children to eat a varied diet)
-Breastfed infants reccomended via D supplement from birth (prevent deficiency)
-formula fed babies don’t need the supplement s the milk is already fortified
Diet of a 1 year old?
-should start eating small portions of regular family meals.
-Low-fat foods, milk and foods high in salt and sugar aren’t suitable for under-twos
-Should eat a healthy balanced diet based on eat well guide-due to rise in obesity
Why do nutritional needs increase during adolescence?
-is a time for rapid growth and physical body changes.
-allows for the growth of bones and muscles, and an increase in blood volume; as the body changes from child to adult.
Why are energy requirements higher in adolescents?
-due to an increase in Basil Metabolic Rate (BMR) and higher activity levels at this age.
-Meals should be based around starchy carbohydrate foods, rather than foods high in fat and sugar, to prevent sudden weight gain.
Why is protein requirements higher in adolescents?
-are the building blocks of muscles and body tissues so allow for rapid growth and development.
Why is b-vitamins requirements higher in adolescents?
-are involved in protein synthesis and aid the release of energy from carbohydrates, proteins and fats. This increases the need of these vitamins during adolescence.
Why is requirements for Calcium, vitamin D and phosphorus higher in adolescents?
-are required for the formation of healthy bones. If insufficient intakes occur at this stage of life, it may affect bone strength and density in the later years.
Why is requirements for iron higher in adolescents?
-due to an increase in blood volume and muscle mass. Requirements are further increased in girls due to menstruation
What happens to nutritional requirements in males from 19-50?
-period of rapid growth stops so requirements stays relatively the same unless due to illness
Why may nutritional requirements differ within females from 19-50?
-May change after starting menopause - As menstruation ends iron requirements decrease .
- decline in levels of oestrogen also increases the risk of osteoporosis and heart disease so calcium and vitamin D requirements are higher to support bone density
-is important to eat a healthy, balanced diet to help prevent heart disease.
What happens to energy requirements during elderly (50 +)
-decrease with age due to a reduction in activity levels and the slowing down of the metabolism (is dependant on individuals)
-Weight gain be a problem if intakes are not reduced (energy balance).
What happens to protein requirements during elderly (50 +)
-increase a little due to the difficulty in storing amino acids effectively, therefore a consistent supply of complete proteins is beneficial.
What vitamins are important within elderly?
Vitamin C and B12- deficiency is common
What are the physical changes during elderly age that can affect nutritional needs?
-eyesight, mobility and motor skills may decline making it difficult to shop and prepare healthy meals.
-taste buds weaken and eating alone- can lead to a loss of interest in food.
-Tooth loss and wearing dentures- can impact food that can be eaten
-Constipation is common due to the gut slowing down, reduced fluid intake and a lack of physical activity. To combat this fluids and sufficient fibre are recommended.
