1.4 Muscle and Tendon

Question 1

What are the three types of muscle?

Answer 1

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 2

Describe skeletal muscle (4)

Answer 2

multiple peripheral nuclei
voluntary
striated
regular parallel bundles

Question 3

Describe cardiac muscle (4)

Answer 3

single central nucleus
involuntary
striated
irregular arrangement with intercalculated disks

Question 4

describe smooth muscle (4)

Answer 4

single nucleus
involutary
no striations
longer contractions

Question 5

what are striations?

Answer 5

repeating functional units called sarcomeres.

Question 6

what is force?

Answer 6

the push or pull on an object with mass that causes it to change velocity

Question 7

work = ? x ?

Answer 7

work = force x distace

Question 8

what is power?

Answer 8

power is the rate of performing work.

Question 9

power = ? / ?

Answer 9

power = change in work / change in time.

Question 10

Describe pennate muscle fibers.

Answer 10

Short fibres at an angle to internal tendon, or aponeurosis.

Question 11

What is a benefit of shorter muscle fibers?

Answer 11

shorter fibers = shorter contraction distance = economical

Question 12

What is the effect of short muscle fibres on the Physiological Cross Sectional Area?

Answer 12

short muscle fibres increase the PCSA.

Question 13

Describe Parallel muscle fibers

Answer 13

Fibres running parallel to the line of pull of the muscle.

Question 14

What is the effect of having more sarcomeres in a series?

Answer 14

more sarcomeres = greater total muscle fibres shortening = more potential for performing muscle work.

Question 15

The Booty Man Loves Big Booty

Answer 15

Tendon = Bone to Muscle
Ligament = Bone to Bone

Question 16

What is the size difference between distal and proximal tendons?

Answer 16

Proximal tendons are shorter and fatter, distal tendons are longer.

Question 17

List 5 roles of tendons.

Answer 17

• minimises distal limv mass
• joints muscle to bone
• elastic energy storage
• energy conversion
• power amplification

Question 18

Why are animals with long tendons more economical?

Answer 18

tendons store and release elastic energy, so reduce the cost of running at a steady speed.

Question 19

How do tendons minimise work and maximise power?

Answer 19

Tendons amplify power. Stretched tendons recoil faster than muscles can shorten, which is less work.