14-Liberalism & Nationalism

Question 1

Identify/state significance: Congress of Vienna; Concert of Europe

Answer 1

Try and “put the pieces back together” after 26 years of revolution and war.

Question 2

Describe the role of socialism and workers’ demands in the revolutions of 1848

Answer 2

Played no role

Question 3

Explain the failure and significance of the 1848 revolutions

Answer 3

• The revolutionaries were deeply divided about what the new order ought to look like. Arguments over what to put in its place threatened to throw things into disarray
• Continued to inspire and motivate Europeans throughout the rest of the 19th century and beyond.

Question 4

Describe the revolutions of 1848 in terms of where revolution occurred, what the various revolutionaries believed, the course and outcome of the revolutions

Answer 4

• Germany: unification of the nation
• Italy: unification of the nation
• Austria: monarchy was toppled by crowds of revolutionary street fighters in Vienna
• Magyars: announced the independence and self-government of the nation of Hungary
• France: The monarchy of Louis-Philippe was overthrown and a new French republic (known as “The Second Republic” in French history) was proclaimed

Question 5

Identify the principal factors contributing to the European revolutions of 1848

Answer 5

Injustices the majority felt against the ruling class/political system

Question 6

Distinguish between the goals of early 19th century Liberalism and Nationalism

Answer 6

• Liberalism: included the establishment of constitutional limits on government power, the extension of voting rights, separation of church and state, freedom of speech and press, and economic freedom in a market economy
• -Constitution
• -Expanded Voting Rights
• -Freedom of Speech/Press
• -Religious Freedom, Disestablishment of State Churches
• -Freedom to make economic choices w/out government interference
• Nationalism: think of themselves, first and foremost, as citizens of a nation with a common homeland, ethnicity, language, culture, heritage, and future. Believed that they should have a common government, and they aspired to take what they believed to be their rightful place among the nations of the world.
• -Common homeland
• -Common ethnicity (usually)
• -Common notion of the future or common sense of destiny as a people
• –Aspiration for common government
• –Aspiration for rightful place among the nations of the world

Question 7

Define/describe romanticism; relate to 18th century Enlightenment (class)

Answer 7

• A movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual
• During the Enlightenment, literature boomed. This circulation of ideas and information led to a revolution of the self. People began to rely heavily on what they could prove or disprove themselves as opposed to believing information that was generationally passed down.

Question 8

Describe the ethnic composition and political characteristics of the Austrian Empire in the age of Metternich

Answer 8

Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Croatians, Magyars, Serbs, Italians, and Rumanians, among others. Ethnic Germans, about 25% of the Empire’s population, constituted the ruling group

Question 9

Explain the “Metternich System” and why it was in the interest of the Austrian Empire

Answer 9

England, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France allied to return Europe to peaceful habits. In addition, aimed to keep the lid on the revolutionary boiling pot

Question 10

Describe how liberalism and nationalism posed the main challenge to the Metternich System between 1815 and 1848

Answer 10

It would mean the end of the monarchy