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Virology > 14 Exotic and Emerging viral diseases > Flashcards

14 Exotic and Emerging viral diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are the henipaviruses

A
  • Hendra virus

- Nipah virus

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2
Q

what are the flaviviruses

A
  • Dengue virus
  • West Nile virus
  • Yellow fever virus
  • Zika virus
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3
Q

what are the emerging viruses

A
  • newly appeared in population

- not previously recognised in man (new to host)

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4
Q

what are the re-emerging viruses

A
  • existed previously
  • rapid increase in incidence
  • rapid increase in geographical range (new to region)
  • rapid increase in human host range
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5
Q

what are the drivers of emergence - changes in host ecology

A
  • urbanisation (movement of people to places that were animal only)
  • intensive farming (movement of animals)
  • climate change (change in vectors)
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6
Q

what are the driver of emergence - changes in host behaviour

A
  • patterns of sexual behaviour
  • local and global travel (HIV AIDS)
  • IV drugs use (HIV AIDS)
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7
Q

what are the drivers of emergence

A

changes in host ecology
changes in host behaviour
changes in host phenotype or genetics
changes in virus phenotype or genetics (think Flu A, drift and shift)

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8
Q

what are the drivers and locations of emergence events for zoonotic infectious diseases in humans

A
  • international travel and commerce,
  • changes in human demographics and behaviour
  • changes in the medical industry
  • climate and weather, breakdown of public health measures
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9
Q

what is the virus RNA of henipavirus like

A

(-)ssRNA

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10
Q

what group is henipavirus

A

V

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11
Q

what type of disease is henipavirus

A

zoonotic

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12
Q

what is the henipavirus transmission

A 
Pteropus (fruit bat)
Feed on fruit pulp and nectar
Bat spits out fruit pulp (contaminated)
Bat urine contaminated  
Bat faeces contaminated
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13
Q

are humans infected by henipavirus

A

rare

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14
Q

what are the initial symptoms of nipah henipavirus

A
  • headaches

- disorientation

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15
Q

what is the progression of nipah henipavirus

A
  • respiratory failure
  • renal failure
  • cardiac arrest
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16
Q

what are the effects of 20% of patients chronic damage - nipah henipavirus

A

neurological defects, personality changes

relapse can occur

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17
Q

what is the mortality of nipah henipavirus

A

40%

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18
Q

what leads to mortality in nipah henipavirus

A
  • haemorrhaging and oedema of lungs

- brain (encephalitis)

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19
Q

how can henipavirus be diagnosed

A

TEM, IHC (immunohistochemistry)
Serology (using AB - ELISA assay)
PCR

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20
Q

what is the henipavirus treatment

A

ribavirin (RNA analogue)

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21
Q

effect of ribavirin

A

reduced mortality (from 54 to 32%) in NiV

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22
Q

what is the RNA od flavivirus

A

(+)ssRNA

23
Q

what is the group of flavivirus

A

IV

24
Q

what do ticks and mosquitoes cause

A
  • yellow fever
  • west nile
  • dengue
25
Q

what is CDC

A

dengue fever virus

26
Q

what causes the increased transmission by Aedes aegypti

A
  • rapid population growth
  • rural-urban human migration
  • inadequate basic urban infrastructure
  • increase in volume of solid waste, items which provide larval habitats
27
Q

what is the geographical expansion of mosquitoes aided by

A
  • international trade (used tyres)
  • increased air travel
  • breakdown of vector control measures
28
Q

how is dengue virus transmitted

A

Urban Mosquito Aedes aegypti
- Acquired and Transmitted during blood feed (of female mosquito)
Tropical and subtropical climates
Jungle cycle and urban cycle

29
Q

how many serotypes for dengue fever have

A

dengue fever virus 5 serotypes

30
Q

dengue fever virus 5 serotypes effect

A

re-infection with other serotype

31
Q

what are the clinical findings of dengue fever

A
  • fever
  • headache
  • muscle/joint pain
  • measles-like skin rash
32
Q

what has dengue fever got the potential to progress to

A

DV haemorrhagic fever

> Bleeding, blood plasma leakage, loss of platelets

33
Q

what is the mortality of dengue shock syndrome

A

20% without treatment

34
Q

what does dengue fever cause

A

-low blood pressure, decreased blood to vital organs

35
Q

what is the treatment for dengue fever

A

no specific treatment

- symptomatic/nursing: reduces mortality

36
Q

why is it important to understand the vector for dengue

A

vector control

  • understand habitat
  • urban habitats: breeds mainly in man-made containers
37
Q

how can the dengue vector be controlled

A

GM moquitoes

38
Q

what type of virus is yellow fever

A

acute viral haemorrhagic disease

39
Q

mortality caused by yellow fever

A

up to 50%

40
Q

why is there declining immunity to infection

A

urbanisation
population movements
climate change

41
Q

how is yellow fever transmitted

A

mosquitoes-borne

42
Q

what is the natural host of yellow fever

A

monkey

43
Q

what is the sylvatic cycle

A

money-mosquito-monkey

44
Q

what is the urban cycle

A

human-mosquito-human

45
Q

what can accidental exposure in sylvatic cycle be

A

human in jungle

46
Q

what can semi-domestic mosquitoes in yellow fever be

A

monkey and human feeder

47
Q

what is the yellow fever virus treatment/control

A

ribavirin

48
Q

what is the the oldest live virus vaccine

A

yellow fever

49
Q

what is important for innate immune protection

A

OAS gene - important for protection

- oligoadenylate synthetase

50
Q

what is causes west nile virus

A

mosquito borne

51
Q

what does west nile virus affect - reservoir

A

birds

  • primary host
  • reservoir
52
Q

what is the host for west nile virus

A

humans

horses

53
Q

can humans transmit west nile virus

A

not amplified in human

no transmission

54
Q

what does west nile virus cause high mortality in

A

birds

Virology (15 decks)

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