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Biology 0610 > 14. Co-ordination and Response > Flashcards

14. Co-ordination and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

Define

Synapse

A

The junction between two neurones

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2
Q

Define

Hormone

A

A chemical substance,
produced by a gland and carried by the blood,
which alters the activity of one or more specific
target organs

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3
Q

Where is glucagon secreted?

A

Pancreas

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4
Q

Where is adrenaline secreted?

A

Adrenal glands

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5
Q

Where is insuline secreted?

A

Pancreas

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6
Q

Where is testosterone secreted?

A

Testes

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7
Q

Where is Oestrogen secreted?

A

Ovaries

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8
Q

Define

Adrenaline

and its effects

A

the hormone secreted in
‘fight or flight’ situations and its effects,
(a) increased breathing rate
(b) increased heart rate
(c) increased pupil diameter

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9
Q

How does adrenaline affect metabolic activity?

A

a) increasing the blood glucose concentration
(b) increasing heart rate

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10
Q

Define

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a
constant internal environment

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11
Q

What function does Insulin serve?

A

It decreases blood glucose
concentration

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12
Q

Define

Vasodialation

A

Sphincter muscle relaxes to allow more blood to go to the surface capillaries for heat loss

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13
Q

Define

Vasoconstriction

A

Sphincter muscle contract to allow less blood to go to the surface capillaries for heat loss

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14
Q

3 marks

What does the skin do to regulate body temperature in a cold environment?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Less sweat secreted from the sweat glands
  • Hair erector muscles contract so hair rises
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15
Q

4 marks

What does the skin do to regulate body temperature in a hot environment?

A
  • Vasodialation
  • More sweat secreted from the sweat glands
  • Hair erector muscles relax so the hair lays flat
  • Muscles cause shivering (involuntary contractions)
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16
Q

Name the three layers of skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Adipose tissue

17
Q

5 marks

Examples of Homeostasis?

A
  • Body temperature
  • Water potential
  • Blood pH
  • Oxygen/Carbon dioxide concentration
  • Glucose concentration level in blood
18
Q

Importance of Homeostasis?

A
  • Optimum temperature for enzymes
  • So that cells do not gain too much water by osmosis and burst
19
Q

Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes

A
  1. Regular monitoring of blood glucose level
  2. Injecting Insulin
  3. Diet - reduced intake of sugars (eat slow release carbs eg starch)
  4. Exercise - regular aerobic exercise
20
Q

What does the CNS constist of ?

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and the Spinal cord

21
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves outside of the brain
and spinal cord

22
Q

Define

Reflex action

A

A means of
automatically and rapidly integrating and
coordinating stimuli with the responses of
effectors (muscles and glands)

23
Q

Define

Effectors

A

Muscles or glands that bring about a response

24
Q

What carries our coordination and response?

A

The Nervous System
The Endocrine System

25
Q

Why is coordination and response needed?

A
  1. To respond to stimuli in your environment
  2. To maintain a constant internal environment (homeostasis)
26
Q

Name the types of neurones and their connections

A
  1. Sensory neurone - from the sense organ to the CNS
  2. Relay neurone - Sensory nerve to the motor neurone
  3. Motor neurone (in the CNS) - Relay neurone/CNS to the effector
27
Q

Describe how an impulse travels

reacting to the stimuli of heat or a pin

A

Stimulus is detected by the receptor (skin), sensory neurone send impulses to the spinal cord (the coordinator), impulse travels through the relay neurone to the motor neurone, to the effector (muscle), effector carries out a response (musle contracts to pull arm up)

28
Q

Describe reflex actions

A

Automatic
Rapid response
Protective - minimise damage to the body

29
Q

What is the function of the synapse?

A

To ensure that an impulse travels in one direction only

30
Q

6 marks

Explain how an impulse moves across the synapse

A
  1. An electrical impulse arrives through the presynaptic neurone
  2. This intiates the vesicles containing neurotansmitters to fuse with the membrane and and release neurotransmitters into the synapse
  3. Neurotransmitter diffuse across the synapse/synaptic gap
  4. Neurotransmitter bind to the protein receptors, on the post synaptic nerve, with specific complementary shapes to theirs.
  5. This intiates a nerve impulse in the post synaptic nerve.

neurotransmitters are destroyed after to prevent continued stimulation o

31
Q

Sense organs and what they sense

A
  • Eyes - Light
  • Skin - Temperature, Pain, Pressure, Touch
  • Nose - Chemicals in the air
  • Tongue - Chemicals in food and drinks
  • Ear - Sounds and Acceleration
32
Q

Define

Sense organ

A

Groups of receptor cells
responding to specific stimuli

33
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

Refracts light

34
Q

What is the function of the Iris

A

Controls how much light enters the
pupil

35
Q

What is the function of the Lens?

A

Focuses light on to the retina

36
Q

What is the function of the Retina?

A

Contains light receptors, some
sensitive to light of different colours

rods and cones

37
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

Carries impulses to the brain

38
Q

How does the iris control the size of the pupils?

A

The circular and radial muscles work antagonistically.
When in bright light, circular muscles contact
When in a dim environment, radial muscles contract

This is to protect the retina

Biology 0610 (3 decks)

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