1.4 Bonding

Question 1

ionic bonding

Answer 1

When a metal and a non-metal react together, the metal atom loses electrons and becomes a cation (+), and the non-metal gains electrons and becomes an anion (-).
There are strong electrostatic forces of attraction between these oppositely charged ions.

Question 2

what shows how ionic bonds form

Answer 2

dot and cross diagrams

Question 3

covalent bonding

Answer 3

A covalent bond consists of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms.

Question 4

term electronegativity

Answer 4

Electronegativity is a measure of how strongly atoms attract electrons in a covalent bond. The higher the electronegativity value, the better the the element can attract bonding electrons

Question 5

coordinate bonding

Answer 5

The same as a covalent bond but both electrons forming the bond pair come from the same atom

Question 6

3 types of forces between molecules

Answer 6

1. dipole-dipole forces
2. induced dipole-induced dipole forces
3. hydrogen bonds

Question 7

hydrogen bonds

Answer 7

These are special intermolecular forces that occur between molecules containing hydrogen atoms bonded to small very electronegative elements which have lone pairs – fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen

Question 8

Induced dipole-induced dipole forces

Answer 8

Electrons are in constant motion around the nuclei;
therefore at any particular moment, the distribution of the electron cloud around the nuclei will not be symmetrical. At this moment, the molecule would have a temporary dipole.

Question 9

effects of hydrogen bonding

Answer 9

Increases boiling points – When a liquid boils, energy is needed to overcome all the forces of attraction between the molecules of the liquid. Since hydrogen bonds are stronger than van der Waals forces, molecules that form hydrogen bonds have a higher boiling temperature than molecules of a similar size that cannot hydrogen bond.

Increases solubility – The most significant intermolecular forces between water molecules are hydrogen bonds. Covalent compounds that can replace these bonds by forming new hydrogen bonds with water will dissolve.