1.4 - Aspects of life in Germany and West Germany, 1918-89 Flashcards
1
Q
What was the attitude of government like towards women pre-WWI?
A
Summed up by the German Civil Code-
-Women couldn’t vote
-Single women could study for a profession but could not take exams to qualify
-Married women had no legal status
2
Q
What phrase was used to describe women’s role pre-WWI?
A
Kinder, Kuche, Kirche
3
Q
How did Krupp’s employment of women change from 1913 to 18?
A
1913, no female employees
1918, over 28,000
4
Q
By the end of WWI what % of women were in work?
A
75%
5
Q
How many German men died in WWI and what did this mean for women?
A
1.6 million men, ‘surplus women’ as there was a shortage of men, women who could not find husbands
6
Q
What did the emergency government award women in 1918?
A
12th November 1918, awarded women the vote
7
Q
What was the electoral turnout of women at the first Weimar elections, and how many took seats in the Reichstag?
A
90% turnout and 112 elected to the Reichstag
8
Q
What status were women awarded in the Weimar constitution?
A
-‘in principle’ women were awarded equal rights (Article 109), marriage should be an equal union and women should be able to enter professions.
However…it did not change the legal status of women under the Civil Code
9
Q
What were the birth and divorce rate at the beginning of the Weimar period?
A
Falling birth rate…
128 live births per 1000 women (1911) -> 80 (1925) -> 59 (1933)
Rising divorce rate…
27 per 100,000 (1913) -> 59 (100,000) -> 65 (1932)
10
Q
What were Weimar attitudes towards female employment post-war/statistic?
A
Women should give up their jobs to returning soldiers and in 1925 -> 36% female workforce (pre-war = 34%)
Women were expected to take up ‘white blouse jobs’
11
Q
How much less were women paid than men?
A
1/3
12
Q
Number of women working in law/medicine?
A
Law…
1933, 36 lawyers
54 working in lower levels of law (1925), 251 (1933)
Medicine…
2,500 female doctors (1925), almost doubled by 1933
13
Q
How did school times affect female employment/statistic?
A
The school day structured to end at lunch, women had to find childcare, work from home or part-time jobs
…1925 +250,000 women doing poorly paid work from home to accommodate, doubled by 1935
14
Q
What were trade union attitudes like towards women?
A
Strong and male-dominated, opposed all female workers and equal pay/conditions. They especially disliked ‘double earners’, married women bringing in a second wage
15
Q
What was the ‘New Woman’?
A
Women were changing, wanting more independence. They began to were more revealing clothes, cut their hair short, smoked and drank. Many took advantage of contraception and gained sexual freedom. They were part of the new city culture
16
Q
How were ‘New Women’ perceived by politicians/general public?
A
Politicians and media criticised these women, calling them immoral and urging them to marry and settle down. The image of an ‘emancipated’ woman was blamed for seducing ‘good girls’ to move to the city
17
Q
How did the Great Depression impact how women were treated/statistic?
A
The GD and subsequent rise in unemployment led to even greater hostility towards working women. There was lesser unemployment for women because they were cheaper to employ (46% M unemployed, 33% W)
18
Q
What decree did Bruning pass regarding married women working?
A
30th May 1932…passed a decree allowing for the dismissal of married women in government service if they had husbands who were earning
19
Q
What was education like pre-war?
A
-Lander provided Kindergarten care
-Education was compulsory 6-14, children of upper class families went to fee-paying schools
-Working class children went to Volkesschule (classes of +50), taught basic reading, writing and numeracy
20
Q
What was a confessional school?
A
A faith-based school, mainly Protestant, catholic and Jewish (most schools were confessional)
21
Q
What changes did the new post-war socialist gov want to make to education?
A
-Compulsory ‘Grundschule’ for all children 6-10
-Stopped clerical inspections and parents could remove their children from religious education
22
Q
What was set up whilst education laws were decided?
A
Common/simultaneous schools (took children of various faiths) and confessional schools were ran as private schools
23
Q
What Bill was suggested and vetoed regarding education?
A
1927, a Bill proposed confessional, common and secular schools, supported all over Germany (Reich Parent’s League)
…vigorously opposed by the Volkskirche Association for Evangelical Freedom
24
Q
How many different types of schools were there in 1931?
A
29,000 Protestant schools
15,000 Catholic schools
100 Jewish schools
9,000 common schools
300 secular schools
25
What were the options for education after 10?
Had to be paid for +10
-Hauptschule, five years' schooling leading to an apprenticeship/trade
-Realschule, six years' schooling leading to business or technical training
-Gymnasium, nine years' schooling leading to university
26
What jobs did the Fathers of university students possess?
1928 survey, 45% civil servants (21.2% university educated)
only 2.3% working class
27
What were corporations?
Universities had their own 'corporations', formed nationwide associations. 'Duelling' corporations (differences settled by sword fight) popular with the 'socially superior'
28
How many students were part of a corporation in 1928?
56%
29
What were some of the influential movements from the Weimar period?
Bauhaus-architecture, set up in 1919 and saw beauty in technology, simple design and careful craftsmanship
Neue Sachlichkeit-'New Objectivity' grew out of the Modernist and Expressionist movements, displayed a matter-of-fact representation of life
30
What was the 'Art elite culture'?
Artists, intellectuals and writers. The most experimental, they favoured ward-looking modernism or expressionism, added a darker twist with new objectivity. Creativity highly valued by some of the wealthy
31
What was 'Government-subsidised culture'?
Gov subsidised theatres, orchestras, museums and libraries, brought culture to even small towns. Subsidies = small and often social welfare prioritised
32
Who were the Ufa?
A government-organised film consortium, made most German movies, including 'Metropolis', most expensive film of the period
33
What was popular culture?
Widely enjoyed and non-subsidised, the most diverse. Younger population in urban areas inspired by US trends, consumer culture, advertising and jazz. Cinema took off in this period, with the likes of the New Objective 'Nosferatu'
34
What paragraph of the Criminal Code allowed for censorship?
184, allowed banning of 'obscene films and publications', also protected under 16s from pornography
35
Why was there right-wing concern about Weimar culture?
Worried about the decadence, increasing number of influential Jewish writers, artists and musicians. Increasing Americanisation of culture, jazz and the 'New Woman'
36
Historically, what were German attitudes like towards ethnic minorities?
The idea of Volk and German nationalism meant that from 1871 onwards, ethnic minorities were not regarded as equal in Germany, especially by elite groups such as landowners and the army
37
Statistic for Jewish marriage in 1915?
1/3 of all married Jews were married to non-Jews
38
How were ethnic minorities generally treated in the Weimar period?
Most faced low level discrimination, receiving lower wages and less likely to be employed than a 'German' man. Elite, conservative groups were less welcoming
39
What did Article 113 of the Weimar constitution say?
Groups that spoke a different language could not be legally stopped from using this language or preserving their national identity
40
What % of the population were Jews?
1918- 1%
1933- 0.76% (500,000)
41
How many Jews lived in cities/Berlin?
66.8% lived in cities, 1/3 in Berlin
42
Jewish politicians?
Five Jews held positions in the cabinet in the WR, most significantly Walter Rathenau who was foreign minister in 1922 (assassinated shortly after his appointment)
43
Examples of extremist organisations against Jews?
The German Peoples Offensive and Defensive Alliance
-> 25,000 members in 1919 - 170,000 when it was disbanded in 1923
44
Example of an organisation set up to fight antisemitism?
Reich Federation of Jewish Front Soldiers, set up to fight anti-semitism, wanted to stress that Jewish soldiers had fought and died in the war
45
How many Jewish men fought in WW1 and how many died?
85,000 fought
12,000 died
46
Why were Gypsies discriminated against?
Moved around, therefore didn't contribute to the country by working, paying taxes or becoming involved in life outside their own community
47
What laws were passed against Gypsies?
Prussia and Bavaria largely targeted Gyspies
1926 Bavaria passed laws against them, controlling their movement, aiming to get their children into schools and adults into work
48
What law was passed by Bavaria in 1927 against the Gypsies?
All Gypsies should carry identity cards
49
How many Polish speakers were there in Germany in 1925?
200,000 Polish speakers in Germany
500,000 who spoke both German and Polish
50
How many Polish people left Germany between 1925 and 1933?
30,000
51
Who was there increased racism towards post-1923?
French army of the occupation that took over the Ruhr in 1923 had black units from French colonies
52
How many mixed race children were there from 1923?
500 mixed race children, denounced as 'Germany's shame'
53
What were Nazi attitudes towards women?
'Kinder, Kuche, Kirche' - they stressed the virtues of family, women were equal to men but different
54
What were two of the Nazi women's organisations?
-the Nationalist Socialist Womanhood (NSF)
-the German Women's Enterprise (Deutsches Frauenwork) organised activities for non party-members
55
How did eugenics influence Nazi attitudes towards women?
Breeding between 'pure' German couples was emphasised and couples were given marriage loans to encourage them to marry (only if they received a licence declaring them fit and racially acceptable)
56
How much were 'suitable' families given in grants?
Up to 100RM per child
57
What was the Lebensborn programme?
Started in 1936, ran by the SS. Selected Aryan men, usually SS, were encouraged to 'mate' with as many different 'racially pure' young women as possible (women from the BDM). These children were then adopted by 'fit' Germans who had trouble conceiving
-> once the Third Reich had expanded, the programme took 'suitable' children from families in the taken lands
58
When was the SS marriage order introduced?
31st December 1931, stated that SS members could only marry Aryan women, 1936 had to have +4 children with the woman, regardless of marriage status
59
What was the Law to reduce Unemployment and when was it introduced?
1st June 1933, an interest free marriage loan to Aryan couples, if woman gave up job, loan reduced by a quarter for every child the woman has
60
What happened on the 30th June 1933?
All married women in the Civil Service with wage-earning husbands to be dismissed
61
What was the Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases/when?
14th July 1933, made it possible to sterilise those with mental and physical disabilities also extended to women with multiple sexual partners or illegitimate children
62
What was the Law for the Protection of Hereditary Health of the German People/when?
A 'fitness-to-marry' certificate is required to prove neither couple is genetically/racially impure
63
When were women excluded from working in the Law?
1936
64
When could women work and gain the marriage loan/why?
1937, due to increasing war goods production and to be ready for war
65
How did marriage law in 1938 change?
Extended the grounds of divorce to include infertility, abortion or refusing to have a child
66
When was the Mother's Cross introduced?
May 1939
67
What was one of the most significant effects of Nazi policy on women?
Large numbers of women, especially married lost their jobs. The likes of 'highly skilled doctors' were elected to work in more 'suitable' jobs, such as maternity clinics and teachers had to teach at the lowest level in primary schools
68
What did Nazi policies mean for women who were 'racially suitable'?
Higher level of health care and status within Nazi Germany (than previously ever provided)
69
What was the impact of the Second World War on Nazi attitudes towards women?
Women were urged to join the war effort (even if married), and more childcare was provided
70
How many kindergarten/creches did the NSV have by the end of 1942?
31,000
71
What was the employment statistic for women in ww1 vs. ww2?
Employed women +76% 1913-18
+27% 1933-39
+2% 1939-44
(50% increase in Britain)
72
What were the three main reasons for the small uptake of female war work?
-Nazi propaganda machine had done its job well, women reluctant to work
-Government didn't use women in all kinds of war work
-Germany had the use of 'foreign labour' from the land they had conquered
73
What change was made for women from October 1940?
Allowed to join the armed forces in the women's auxiliary service, doing clerical and support jobs
74
How many months in the army did the BDM have to serve during the war?
6
75
When did the Nazis introduce compulsory military service for women and at what ages?
1941, ages 18-40
76
What was female involvement in the war effort like by 1944?
Shortage of men so severe, women trained to operate anti-aircraft guns and sent to work in signal stations close to the front
77
What type of education did the Nazis abolish?
Private primary school education
78
What were the Napolas and when were they established?
20th April 1933, opened three napolas, free boarding schools to train an elite group of boys as gov administrators
79
What was the NSLB and when was it established?
The National Socialist Teachers League, April 1929
80
How many members did the NSLB have in 1933?
January-6,000 members (undesirable teachers were purged in April 1933)
81
When were the Nazis given control of appointing the Civil Service?
24th September 1935
82
How many teachers had joined the union by 1937?
97%
83
In 1938 how many new teachers/vacancies were there?
2,500 new teachers and over 8,000 vacancies
84
What was education used for in the Nazi period?
Taught loyalty to Hitler and the Nazis, physical fitness and racial purity - indoctrinated the youth
85
How much of the curriculum did sport occupy?
15%
86
What was History's purpose in the curriculum?
Focus on creating Volksgemeinschaft, a sense of nationhood, as a result textbooks censored, burned or mutilated
87
What sort of racial ideology was taught?
Aryans = superior, Slav races = inferior and Jews were the source of all of Germany's problems. Biology focused on race, eugenics and motherhood for girls
88
What were the youth groups provided for boys?
-Pimpfen ('Little Folk'), 6
-Jungvolk ('Youngsters'), 10
-Hitler Jungend ('Hitler Youth'), 14-18
89
What were the youth groups provided for girls?
-Jungmadel ('Young girls'), 10
-Bund Deutsches Madel ('Association of German Young Women'), 14
-Glaube und Schoneit ('Faith and Beauty'), 17-20
90
What does Gleichschaltung mean?
The policy of 'co-ordination', involved making sure that every aspect of life was controlled to meet the aims of Nazi policy. Meant that the Nazis wanted tight control over culture as well as education, censored 'unacceptable' culture and created their own
91
What is 'Kulturtrager'?
Culture-bearers, how the Nazis described German culture to its people, corrupted by the Weimar gov
92
When was the mass-burning of books and how many were burnt?
10th May 1933, mass burning of 25,000 books that were 'unsound', books from famous foreign authors such as Ernest Hemingway and Jewish authors. Other book burnings were held in various towns, where art, music and theatre were all censored
93
What types of culture were deemed 'unacceptable' by the Nazis?
Jewish, Expressionism, Pacifism and intellectualism, anything that encouraged individualism or discouraged conformity was 'unsound'
94
What was the RKK?
Set up on the 22nd September 1933, and all artists who dealt with art had to be registered with 'the Reich Chamber of Culture', the Chamber refused to register 'degenerate' art
95
What was the 'Strength through Joy' programme, and how did it promote acceptable culture?
Included trips to the theatre, the opera and to art galleries and museums
96
What was the 'degenerate' art exhibition?
1937, in Munich, which displayed 'degenerate' art, with displays explaining why it was 'worthless' and 'corrupt'
97
Why did the government promote sport?
Encouraged in order to produce a healthy nation, art was to be made that portrayed Germans as strong, healthy, physically perfect Aryans
98
When did Germany host the Olympics and how many medals did they win?
Hosted 1936, Germany won 89 medals, 33 of them gold
99
Why was the calendar rearranged, example?
Calendar of holidays and festivals was rearranged around important dates in Nazi history. Mother's Day celebrated on Hitler's mother's birthday, parades held and people were expected to cheer and watch
100
Examples of Nazi building projects, how did this promote culture?
Huge building projects in the city, gave the impression of the Third Reich being powerful and established.
->new buildings adorned with enormous swastika flags
101
Two examples of large scale Nazi building projects?
-The Reichssportfeld and Olympic Village in Berlin, built for the 1936 Olympics, could hold over 100,000 spectators, special stand for Hitler and his guests
-Nazi party rally grounds, built in Nuremberg, held yearly rallies there in late August/September from 1933 to 38
102
What was Nazi racial ideology?
Nazis wanted Germany to be racially pure, conforming to the 'aryan race', they also believed in eugenics theories
103
When did the Nazis introduce a compulsory sterilisation programme?
1st January 1934
104
What did the compulsory sterilisation programme entail?
Doctors/hospitals reported who to sterilise, those 'unfit' to breed, to the Hereditary Health Courts
-> sterilisation just for those with hereditary disease, but extended to Jews, Roma and Gypsies, criminals, black and mixed race people
105
What was sterilisation widened to in June 1935?
Abortion of the unfit
106
How many people were sterilised?
400,000 between 1934 and 45, almost all against their will -> 5,000 died from the procedure
107
How did the Nazis begin to alienate Jewish people?
By legal separation, removed Jews from jobs and separated them from non-Jews and through bans and boycotts, using increased violence
108
When was the first national boycott of Jewish shops?
1st April 1933, SA members stood outside urging people not to enter the shops
109
What laws were introduced to restrict Jews in 1933?
April 1933, a series of laws restricted the number of Jewish university students, banned Jews from athletic and sporting groups, stopped people with 'Jewish names' from sending telegrams -> also excluded from working on German newspapers or as financial advisers
110
What were the Nuremberg Race Laws?
1935, laws to exclude Jews from most areas of life, anyone with 3/4 Jewish Grandparents was 'Jewish'
111
What are examples of the anti-semitic laws (NRL)?
-Yellow star displayed on Jewish owned shops encouraging random violence from the Hitler Youth
-Propaganda promoted the idea of separation, separate park benches, trams, restaurants, concerts and swimming pools
-Use of language to refer to Jews as 'sub-human'
112
What was Kristallnacht?
The 'Night of the Broken Glass', 9th November 1938 - Nazis organised attacks on Jews across Germany
+260 synagogues burned and Jewish homes and shops were attacked and looted
-> over 20,000 jews arrested and taken to concentration camps
113
What did Nazis first encourage the Jews to do?
Encouraged to leave Germany
114
What did the Nazis enforce upon Jews leaving the country?
A 'flight tax', of 30-50 percent of their wealth
115
How many Jews emigrated between 1933-39?
450,000
116
What invasion furthered the repression of Jews?
The March 1938 Anschluss, same restrictions imposed upon 185,000 Austrian Jews
117
What type of humiliating tasks were Austrian Jews made to complete?
Scrubbing the streets on their knees
118
What was the 'flight tax' for Austrian Jews?
Everything but a suitcase
119
How many Jews were left in Austria after their mass emigration?
60,000
120
What were the special SS units made to root out Polish resistance leaders?
Einsatzgruppen, were made to root out Polish resistance leaders and kill them
121
How many of the 6 mill Jews killed were killed by Einsatzgruppen?
2 million
122
What was the Restoration of the Professional Civil service?
7th April 1933, excluded Jews and 'politically unreliable' people from government posts
123
When were Jewish doctors banned from hospitals?
1936, and Jewish patients couldn't use the facilities
124
What were two of the anti-semitic decrees of 1938 (excluding Kristallnacht)?
October, all Jews must have J stamped on passport
December, all jewish shops and businesses taken from jews to be aryanised
125
When were ghettos set up?
October 1939
126
when did all Jews have to wear the Star of David?
November 1939
127
When is the first death camp trialed and when are death camps authorised?
Chelmno, December 1941
January 1941, Wansee Conference authorises use of death camps
128
What were the conditions like in Ghettos?
Badly overcrowded, food and medical supplies were kept to a minimum. Water and electricity were only available for a few hours a day
129
What did the 'Strength through Joy' run through the ghettos?
Bus trips through the Lodz ghetto, could see how 'depraved' the jewish population were
130
What were people sent to concentration camps to do?
Sent to dig roads, work on the land and work in factories
131
What were the conditions like in concentration camps?
hardly any food, starvation, people died from beating and mistreatment by the guards
132
When was the Final Solution authorised
20th January 1942
133
What was agreed as part of the Final Solution?
Agreed at the Wannsee Conference, death camps were to be set up, people were waiting here to be gassed
134
How many 'surplus women' were there by 1948?
7.3 million more women in Germany
135
What was the divorce rate in 1948?
Rose sharply, 80% higher than in 1946
136
What sort of work did women have to do post-ww2?
From clearing the rubble to office work
137
What Ministry was set up that enforced stereotypes surrounding the role of women?
Still ingrained Nazi propaganda, Ministry for Family Affairs set up in 1953, provided wives and mothers with financial benefits
138
What Article in the Basic Law guaranteed women equality?
Article 3, 'equality under the law' for all citizens
139
When was the Civil Code revised?
1958, gave women legal freedom
140
When was the Marriage and Family Law revised?
1977, gave women equal rights in marriage, overturned the Civil Code Law that said women could only work if it didn't interfere with their role as a wife and mother
141
Statistics from the German population relating to attitudes to family values/the role of women?
1982 survey
50% M 54% W, a man's career>a women's
70% M 68% W, women should stop working in marriage
70% M/W, men work women at home
142
Examples of female liberation movements?
January 1968, Action Council for Women's Liberation, set up day-care and nurseries
143
What did more radical feminists target?
Targeted Paragraph 218 (a crime to seek abortion) and abortion rights, also set up refuges for battered women. Also wrote magazines and pamphlets explaining women's health
144
How did women's role differ between the FRG/GDR?
GDR women more likely to work full-time
145
How many married women with a child under 15 had a job?
50%
146
What did the Allies want to do to education?
Wanted to remove Nazi influence and educate children for a democratic society, they shut all schools as they took over, in order to de-nazify them
147
What did the Allies want to prevent the reintroduction of?
Wanted to de-Nazify but also prevent the reintroduction of 'confessional' education and stop career selection at 10
-> allied reforms focused on pre-university education, first step was removing Nazi teachers and textbooks
148
Who was responsible for education under the Basic Law?
The Lander, there were few secular schools in the south, flourished in the north and the curriculum varied widely between the Lander
149
Why did the Lander stand in the way of reforming the education system?
Federal gov would have to convince the Lander to accept reform, taught dry factual history mainly
150
What was Gesamtschulen?
Comprehensive schools, introduced in the 1960s ad 70s
151
What did the Brandt gov try and do in 1971?
Tried to introduce a federal framework for restructuring schools, didn't get a majority in the Bundesrat to become law. School restructuring did not happen
152
Why was there a crisis about education in the 1960s?
Concern that the University system was failing to serve Germany's needs, student numbers had risen and facilities such as lecture theatres and accommodation were inadequate
-> critics also said the curriculum was outdated
153
Statistics for increasing number of students in secondary and university education?
Number of students in secondary education- rose from 853,400 in 1960 to 2,019,000 in 1980
Students going to university- rose from 239,000 in 1960 to 749,000 in 1980
154
What was the Federal Education Promotion Act?
1971, a picture of state funding and loans to encourage students rom working-class families to go to uni
155
What were attitudes towards culture as a result of war?
Hard to retain the culture that the Nazis had approved of
-> many people found it easier to adopt the allies cultural offerings, American movies and Shakespeare
156
What type of movements formed and united people?
The anti-nuclear movement and various ecological and alternative lifestyle movements. United people in a rejection of consumerism and a desire for a peaceful, more equal society
157
Who were there increased tensions between and why?
Increased generational tensions, older generations wanted to see 1945 as 'year zero', many of the younger generations wanted to confront the past
158
What type of culture/lifestyle did the younger generations desire?
Less consumerist lifestyle and a culture that faced both the present and immediate past rather than embracing the distant past/American culture
159
Post-war how many refugees were there?
April 1947, 10 million refugees
160
What were initial reactions to guest workers?
Unions disliked the idea, significant numbers of rot foreign workers already. They feared they would accept lower wages and force down the wage for Germans
161
What did the government guarantee non-german workers?
Guaranteed same wages as Germans, and preference for German workers when hiring
162
What was the Federal Office for Labour Recruitment?
Set up in Nuremberg to run offices in the countries with which Germany had labour recruitment treaties
163
What did the Labour Recruitment programme offer?
-Workers had a physical examination
-Workers signed a contract for a particular job, couldn't leave for one year
-Employer provided basic accommodation
-Programme stepped up after the building of the Berlin Wall (lost GDR workers)
164
What type of worker did the German labour programme favour?
Men of 20-40 years old, willing to do heavy manual labour (taking jobs Germans were happy to leave)
165
How many workers switched from industrial/agricultural to white collar jobs in 1961-73?
3 million
166
How many germans left mining and how many guest workers took these jobs between 1961-70?
870,000 germans left mining and 1.1 million guest workers took these jobs
167
How many female guest workers were recruited from 1960 and what for?
43,000 - 1960
700,000 - 1973
to work in electronics and hospitality
168
What other workers were also increasing in numbers?
illegal foreign workers, arrived without a permit or job, took worst jobs with lowest jobs and no accommodation
169
Who did the guest workers have/not have the support of?
-Did not have the rights of foreign workers
-Unions helped adjust but unwilling to help them assimilate in the long run
-Support from the Catholic organisation Caritas and Protestant Diakonisches Werk
170
What increased tensions regarding guest workers?
The 1966 Recession (landlords refused to let to guest workers)
171
What put guest workers under pressure to leave in the 1970s?
The oil crisis
172
What action was taken against guest workers in 1973?
November 1973, gov put a stop on hiring and banned permits for families of workers already in the country
173
What did the number of guest workers fall to after 1973?
Under 2 million
174
What did Ford offer guest workers in 1974?
'Voluntary severance Packages', given based on time at the factory, mass layoffs were likely otherwise, many took this package
175
What did the government grant to guest workers in 1975?
Guest workers' children the same benefit as other children
176
When was the ban on guest workers lifted?
1977
177
What did Schmidt create in 1978?
Federal Commissioner for Foreigner's Affairs, worked for the rights of foreign workers and to promote integration. Able to apply for unrestricted residence but not citizenship
178
What was the most significant problem regarding the guest workers' children?
Managing their education, duty of the Lander to provide a 'democratic education'
179
What were the numbers of foreign children in schools in 1976-83?
165,000 - 1976
200,000 - 1983
