1.2 - Opposition, control and consent, 1918-89 Flashcards
1
Q
What was the impact of the TOV on German politics?
A
-a cause of political discontent
-spurred opposition and led to the German people feeling that Weimar politicians were traitors to the country
-very real anger/resentment throughout Germany about the treaty, came as a result of misinformation
-Imposition of reparations enabled opposition to the TOV to continue
2
Q
What were some of the reasons that both the left and right opposed the Weimar gov?
A
-Involvement in the TOV
-liberalism and democratic principles
-failure to produce a strong, decisive government and a strong leader
-failure to unite Germany
3
Q
When was the Spartacist Uprising?
A
January 1919
4
Q
What was the Spartacist Uprising and what were its events?
A
-USPD member and police chief dismissed, brought gov into open conflict with workers’ councils
-Spartacists wanted to overthrow gov
-6th January 1919, armed workers took over important buildings
-Gov moved to town of Weimar for safety
-Friekorps crushed the rebellion and killed leaders (Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Liebknecht).
5
Q
Apart from the SU what were some other left-wing attempts to overthrow gov?
A
Attempts to takeover individual German states and replace with Communist Govs -> most significant in Bavaria March 1919 and Saxony and Thuringia 1921
->didn’t have enough popular support and put down by army
6
Q
Who did the most extreme right-wing rebellion come from at the beginning of the Weimar period?
A
-DNVP opposed WR
-other opposition came from wealthy landowners, army and industrialists, people in conservative groups, those who worked in schools and universities
7
Q
When was the Kapp Putsch?
A
12 March 1920
8
Q
What was the Kapp Putsch and what were its events?
A
->Attempt to overthrow gov by Wolfgang Kapp and Friekorps leaders, had support of Ludendorff
->Took over Berlin and gov fled
->army wouldn’t put down rebels… leaders declared themselves the new gov
9
Q
How was the Kapp Putsch put down?
A
trade unions called general strike -> strike was almost universal ->after four days, the Kapp government fell
10
Q
who did the striking workers want in gov?
A
SPD
11
Q
When was the Munich Putsch?
A
8 November 1923
12
Q
What was the Munich Putsch and what were its events?
A
Inspired by Mussolini’s march on Rome -> SA surrounded beer cellar in Munich led by Gustav Von Kahr
-crashed beer hall and insisted Ludendorff would start a new government
-Nazis attempted to start march on Berlin, taken prisoner after a short battle with the police.
13
Q
Why was the Munich Putsch arguably a victory for Hitler?
A
-Trial allowed Hitler to publicly voice his beliefs and increase his fame
-Used time in prison to think through his political ideas and write Mien Kampf
-made him aware that he would have to gain power democratically
14
Q
How long was Hitler sentenced for, for his involvement in the MP?
A
5 years
15
Q
What was the Communist rising in the Ruhr?
A
March 1920 -> 50,000 rebels gathered in Ruhr, instantly put down by the Friekorps and army
16
Q
What was the national opposition?
A
-July 1929, opposition to the Young Plan
-Leader, Hugenberg attempted to pass freedom bill in favour of reversing TOV and dropping all US aid
-against involvement with Europe and US
17
Q
Why was opposition in the Nazi period uncommon/dangerous?
A
August 1933 -> impossible to oppose the Nazis in the Reichstag
-all opposition parties were illegal
-many political opponents had left the country or in concentration camps
-Public meetings not possible
-army had sworn oath of loyalty to Hitler
18
Q
What was the Dawes Plan (1924)?
A
The Dawes Plan was a U.S.-backed scheme to help Germany pay reparations after WWI. It restructured payments, provided 800 million marks in loans, and led to the withdrawal of French/Belgian troops from the Ruhr. It stabilised the Weimar economy short-term.
19
Q
What was the Young Plan (1929)?
A
The Young Plan reduced Germany’s total reparations from 132 to 37 billion marks and extended payments over 59 years. Though less harsh, it was criticised by nationalists and its impact was cut short by the Great Depression.
20
Q
How did Hindenburg attempt to oppose Hitler?
A
4 April 1933 -> wrote to Hitler about proposed law to dismiss non-aryan members of the civil service -> pointed out many of these men had fought in war
->wanted the law that punished these people to be reconsidered
21
Q
When did Hitler pass a law removing non-aryan people from the civil service?
A
7th April 1933
22
Q
How did the SPD/KPD attempt to oppose the Nazis?
A
->Printed pamphlets and other anti-Nazi literature
->post-1938, KPD spread information about the Nazis by word of mouth
23
Q
Who were the Red Shock Troop?
A
1933, led by SPD -> worked mainly in Berlin
->published newspaper Red Shock Troop every ten days and built up membership of 3,000 people
24
Q
When were the leaders of Red Shock Troop arrested?
A
December 1933
25
Who were SOPADE and what did they do?
SPD outside of Germany -> gathered info from public opinion in Germany to pass to Allies
26
What were some examples of communist rebellion post-german invasion of the USSR?
Uhrig groups leafleted factories and put up posters urging workers to commit acts of sabotage
27
What were the Uhrig groups?
The Uhrig groups were underground communist resistance networks in Nazi Germany, led by Robert Uhrig. Active mainly in Berlin during the early 1940s, they spread anti-Nazi leaflets, organised sabotage, and tried to unite workers against the regime. Many members were arrested and executed by the Gestapo in 1942–43.
28
Who were The Red Orchestra?
group of mainly gov employees, not necessarily communist
-> passed info about German war effort to USSR
29
How did German workers sabotage as a form of protest against the Nazis?
-held lightning strikes only lasted a few hours
-sabotaged by working slowly, damaging machinery or calling in sick
-refused nazi salute
30
What did autobahns workers do in 1936?
lightning strike
31
How did Germans oppose the Nazis through disobedience (culture)?
Young people, often affluent, didn't join the Hitler Youth
-> went to clubs and listened to 'cool' music such as swing and jazz, clubs were deemed illegal
->dressed in Western fashions
32
Who were the Edelweiss Pirates?
-largely working class movement, actively anti-nazi
-'pirates' wore own uniforms, deliberately not members of the Hitler Youth
-painted anti-Nazi slogans on walls and collected anti-nazi leaflets dropped by Allied planes and redistributed
-some worked with resistance groups
33
Who were the White Rose Group?
Students from Munich University operated in secret distributing anti-nazi material -> urging sabotage/exposing the Nazi murder of Jews
->urged non-violent resistance to the Nazis
34
Who did some Germans work with as a way of opposing the Nazis?
Helped those Nazis wanted to arrest, due to race or political beliefs -> some did this alone, others used more organised escape line (Protestant Church ran one)
->thousands escaped this way, some worked for the Nazis
35
How many attempts were there to kill Hitler between 1921 and 1944?
15, 7 made after 1939 were by army members
36
What was the most serious plot against Hitler's life?
The July Plot of 1944 ->attempt to take over gov and negotiate end of war with allies
->20 July Lieutenant Claus von Stauffenberg left a bomb in a briefcase in a conference room... Hitler to meet with military.
-> he left the room and believed Hitler had been killed, four were but Hitler only sustained minor injuries
37
What was the result of the July Plot?
One of the plotters, Fromme arrested others to prove his loyalty
->all executed/committed suicide, 200 killed in association with the plot
38
Who were the Pastor's Emergency League?
Formed in light of People's Church becoming drastically more Nazi and less Christian
->condemned the People's Church for obeying the state and its anti-semitism
->most members arrested and executed
39
When did the Pastor's Emergency League become the Confessing Church?
May 1934
40
The arrests of who caused public outcry in October 1934?
Arrests of two Bishops by Nazis
->public outcry and people took to streets to protest
->Nazis backed down and released the Bishops
41
Which foreign invasion led to German unenthusiasm?
When hitler considered invading Czechoslovakia 1938
->ordered military processions... instead of cheering/waving, people on streets were unenthusiastic
42
What did the German people's unenthusiasm towards Hitler's invasion of Czech lead to?
Prompted Hitler to work with Chamberlain at Munich Conference, to come to an agreement rather than to go to war
43
little protest from the German people in the 1950s?
More focused on:
-rebuilding government, working together in useful coalitions to avoid the Weimar's problems
-building a sense of identity, while leaving room for reunification with East Germany
-rebuilding the economy and physically rebuilding the country
-establishing the FRG as a viable and moderate member of Europe, even communists wanted German socialism rather than a revolution
44
Who was the political party that voiced political opposition to the CDU in the 1950s?
SPD
-argued against several moves by Adenauer... such as 'year zero' approach and desire to align FRG with Europe, making reunification with GDR less likely
45
How did the FRG gov use a clause in the Basic Law to clamp down on protestors?
->used to ban right-wing Socialist Reich Party in 1952
->KPD banned in 1956, following loss of all seats in the Bundestag
46
What was the reaction to the KPD being banned?
Members/communists took to the streets protesting
-> Munich 1953, 6,000 communists clashed with police, water canons used to put them down
47
How was a 'wave of youth protest' evident in the FRG during the 1960s?
-Young people objected to Adenauer's 'year zero' policy, objected to ex-Nazis being in positions of political power.
-Adopted slogan, 'What did you do in the war, Daddy?', reversal of a British war slogan
-Protests against FRG's military and involvement with West and NATO, and possibility it might build up atomic weapons
-Young people joined rising discontent regarding treatment of Vietnamese by US and for many, US = face of money-grabbing repressive capitalism
48
Who were the APO?
1960s, Extra-Parliamentary Opposition or APO
-came about due to distrust of young intellectuals for established conservative gov
-Needed a space for this... KPD had been banned/SPD had revised more radical policies
-APO had strong university membership, many who supported radical theories
-Believed that the grand coalition meant that there was no longer true parliamentary opposition to the government.
49
What did films such as 'Viva Maria' demonstrate?
1965- a radical, revolutionary, lifestyle with the use of bombs and guns for social revolution
50
What did the revision of the SPD's more radical policies mean for the left-wing Germans?
Left, especially students and trade unionists, felt unrepresented
->violent political protest never far from surface in FRG
51
Who were the SDS?
German Socialist Student Union -> had been part of SPD
52
When did SDS break away from the SPD?
1961, felt SPD was becoming less and less drastic
53
What type of things did the SDS protest against?
-Vietnam War
-Ex-Nazis holding office
-Nuclear/atomic weapons
54
Who from the SDS was shot and when?
Benno Ohnesorg, a student linked to the SDS (Socialist German Student Union), was shot and killed by a police officer on 2 June 1967 during a protest in West Berlin against the visit of the Shah of Iran. His death radicalised the student movement and escalated opposition to the West German state.
55
What did the shooting of Ohnesorg lead to for the SDS?
Increased support -> but created a split on how violent SDS protest should be
56
Who was the leader of the SDS?
Rudi Dutschke
->some hold responsible for escalating violence of SDS
57
What happened to Dutschke?
shot in April 1968 by a right-wing fanatic
-> inspired to kill Rudi by reading Springer press (newspaper) criticisms
58
What followed Dutschke's death?
the 'Easter Riots' followed -> series of attacks on the springer newspaper's offices
59
When did the protests against the Emergency Law take place and who protested?
11th May 1968
-SDS took part
-80,000 people from all different groups joined the protest, saw EL as a violation of the Basic Law
60
What did gov pressure on protest lead to in the 1970s?
Gov reduced number of protests by applying pressure to groups -> some groups began to feel more marginalised... increased the use of violence -> eventually causing terrorism
61
How did the gov attempt to deal with terrorism in the FRG?
-Developed hard-line policies
-putting up posters of wanted terrorists and appealing to the public to turn them in
-regular gun battles between police and terrorists (1971, one of leaders of West Berlin Tupamaros shot by the police)
62
Who were the Baader-Meinhof Gang?
-Set up in early 1970
-first known action was bombing Dahlem in May 1970
-called itself the Red Army Faction (RAF)
-by end of 1970, most of gang's leaders were in prison and called hunger strikes, one of the members died in November hunger striking
63
Who did the BM gang train with?
group went to Palestine to train with a Palestinian terrorist group, PLO
64
By when were all members of the RAF arrested?
1975
65
Why was there a threat to the Weimar Government during its origins?
-gov had come to power through a revolution, and many people wanted a revolutionary gov
-Left-wing opponents felt the gov wasn't radical enough, and right-wing opponents felt that it needed to be stronger and more authoritative
-no knowing if gov would last longer than Prince Max's so some groups felt they could make it more to their liking
-gov needed to provide stability and show it had support
66
How did Ebert quell the discontent at the beginning of the Weimar period?
Met with the army army and trade unions, offering concessions for their support
67
What was the Stinnes-Leigen Agreement?
One of Ebert's concessions for trade union support
-15th November 1918
-Agreement with leader of labour unions
-Ebert offered legislation on hours of work and on adequate union representation
68
What was the Ebert-Groener Pact/when?
One of Ebert's concessions for army support
-10th November 1918
-Agreement that the army would support the new gov as long as it opposed left-wing ideals within the Reichstag
69
What were some examples of regional disruption in the beginnings of the Weimar period?
->Weimar gov had varying control in each region of Germany, experiencing governmental struggles and the abdication of their rulers, following in suit of Kaiser
->All eventually adopted the Weimar constitution, but not all at the same time
70
When did Thuringia hold elections and what did this lead to?
Thuringia didn't hold elections until June 1920 -> Led to uncertainty that was exploited by communists in Bavaria and Saxony
71
How did the Weimar government put down regional disruptions?
Used the army and the Friekorps to restore order
72
What was Reichsexecution and what was it used for?
A Reichsexekution was a constitutional measure where the national government could intervene in a federal state (Land) using military force or emergency powers if that state was violating the constitution or public order. It was used, for example, against Saxony and Thuringia in 1923 to remove left-wing governments.
73
What was the distinction between how right wing and left wing protests were put down in the Weimar Republic?
->Weimar gov forced to rely on the army to put down protests and extremist threat -> reaction of judiciary to threats varied based on political stance
->Left-wing protest, dealt with quickly and brutally by army.
->Army wouldn't act against right-wing, like in Kapp putsch, judiciary were also less harsh. This allowed the right-wing to gain more confidence, more likely to stage a successful government takeover
74
How did the Nazis minimise opposition?
Aimed to create a centralised government and obedient people
->achieved through the likes of the 'Night of Long Knives'
75
What was the Decree for the Protection of the People and the State?
28th February 1933 -> allowed gov to ban publications and suspend civil rights, able to search homes and workplaces and take people into 'protective custody'
76
When did Goebbels announce that radio stations served the government?
25 March 1933 -> state controlled and therefore must express Nazi ideology
77
What happened to the staff of radio broadcasters in Nazi germany?
When radio stations began to be controlled by the state, staff were purged
-> had to get rid of Jews, half Jews and spouses of Jews as well as those that belonged to the SPD/KPD
78
When did the Nazis make the content published the responsibility of the editors?
4 October 1933 -> Hitler issued a decree that made content published responsibility of editor and made it a crime for the editor to publish anything that might weaken the Third Reich, at home or abroad
79
Where did Germany have more daily newspapers than?
USA
80
What was the Reich Association?
A list of 'accredited' journalists, any journalists with Jewish connections did not make the list
81
How many Nazi newspapers were there between 1932 and 1933?
End of 1932, 59 Nazi newspapers, with just over 780,000 readers
End of 1933, 86 Nazi newspapers, with over 3 million readers
and in December, a state-owned press agency was set up and all newspapers were expected to pick up their news stories from the agency
82
What were some examples of Nazi repression?
-Began with banning all political parties but the Nazi party, and forming a new party a crime.
- Concentration camps set up to house political prisoners
-Gestapo fear
83
How many people were sent to concentration camps for political opposition?
Between 1933-45 over 500,000 non-Jewish people sent to camps for political crimes
84
Who were the Gestapo?
Set up in April 1933, secret police led by Hermann Goering, possessed its own legal system -> gestapo's brief was to weed out enemies of the state
->Non-uniform unlike SA and SS
85
Who were the SS?
Began as Hitler's bodyguards -> became the political police and after 1934 having removed most of the SA, ran the concentration camp system
->As numbers grew so did responsibilities -> ran labour and concentration camps
86
How many men did the SA begin with vs in 1936?
240 -> 240,000
87
What was 'The People's Court'?
1934 in Berlin -> a court specifically to try people accused of being traitors to the Third Reich
->Two judges and five other members chosen from the Nazi party, SS and armed forces
->Trials not publicly held, not possible to appeal verdict. Tens of thousands had passed through the court by 1945
88
Which other Nazi groups held authority?
Those who ran a region, 'Gau', and 'Bloc Wardens' who ran individual apartment blocks, all assumed to be watching for the smallest infringement of Nazi rules
89
What was the public opinion of the gov vs terrorists in FRG (1970s)?
The increase in protests was linked to the rising extremity of gov response to protest
->Surprising level of sympathy for terrorists in the early 1970s
90
What did a public poll show about public opinion towards terrorists in the 1970s?
->one in five Germans felt some sympathy for the Baader-Meinhof Gang
->five percent of them would be willing to let a member stay in their house if on the run
91
Who were the BfV?
1950, worked only inside Germany and reported to the ministry of the interior -> investigated those suspected of working against the Basic Law
92
Who were the BND?
Reported directly to the Chancellor -> conducted investigations abroad as well as in Germany, to investigate those suspected of working against the Basic Law
93
What law did the gov try and introduce in the FRG to expand what they were allowed to investigate?
->'Emergency Law', vetoed in 1960, 62 and 1965, finally passed in 1968 -> led to immense protest from students and unions, becoming more violent
94
Was the Emergency Law successful?
Passing of the law saw a drop in the number open protests -> some groups went underground
95
What was BEFA?
A system that gave the BND centralised access to all police information in the FRG
96
Who were the GSG-9?
Set up after the shooting of Israeli athletes at 1972 Munich Olympics -> set up as a special operations unit to act against terrorists, had close links with the British SAS and the US Army's Delta Force, operated world wide
97
What was the GSG-9's greatest victory?
17 October 1977 -> team successfully rescued hostages on a hijacked plane, diverted from Frankfurt to Somalia and arrested RAF members
98
What was the Berufsverbot?
The Berufsverbot ("employment ban") was introduced in West Germany in 1972 to prevent radicals from holding public sector jobs, especially in teaching, law, and civil service. It mainly targeted left-wing extremists, including former members of the SDS and communist sympathisers, and was controversial for its impact on freedom of expression.
99
How many people lost their jobs to Berufsverbot?
around 100–130 people were dismissed or removed from public sector jobs due to the Berufsverbot (mostly teachers), while over 10,000 applicants were investigated, and many were denied employment. The policy had a chilling effect, even if formal dismissals were relatively low.
100
What was Article 131, when was it passed?
May 1951, employment of ex-Nazis in civil service became allowed
101
What was the Radikalenerlass?
Anti-Radical Decree - January 1972, allowed for political vetting of everyone applying for a state job, teachers, postmen and civil servants
102
What indicated that the Weimar Republic had significant support from its beginnings?
Significant number of people turned out to vote at every election
1919-83%
1920-79.2%
May 1924-77.4%
December 1924-78.8%
1928-75.6%
1930-82%
July 1932-84%
November 1932-80.6%
103
Which political parties supported the Weimar constitution?
->SPD consistently supported WR, moderate parties often pledged support (DDP and DVP)
104
What was the problem with support for the WR from political parties?
->problem was that the parties that needed to work together weren't prepared to (support that these parties got, suggests demographic were in favour of the constitution, middle-class business people, Catholics and professional classes)
105
How did circumstance impact people's opinion towards the constitution in the Weimar period?
Many welcomed Weimar constitution when they were presented with something they liked less
-> 1923, people of Saxony welcomed Reichsexekution, signalled the end of the communist gov (self-elected)
106
What did people in Weimar protest more than the constitution/impact?
People often protested against various parties in the Reichstag -> failing to make coalitions work rather than the constitution itself
107
When the Weimar gov got things 'right', what happened to their support and how is this corroborated by SPD voting statistics?
->1924-1929 gov made economy work, support rose and the support for parties that supported the constitution
->opposite true for when Reichstag failed to make things work, surge in popularity for right wing
108
How many seats did the SPD win in 1924 and 28?
131 seats - 1924
153 seats - 1928
109
Why may Nazi support be difficult to gauge?
Nazi propaganda would inflate the support of the people, any photographic evidence etc may not be accurate, do to appearances being important for the Nazis
110
What tactic, which focused on Hitler, was used by the Nazis to boost their support?
Made Hitler into a national hero, a god-like figure who could do no wrong
->Fuhrer myth that Nazis created made people willing to make sacrifices when Hitler asked them to
111
What were some of the slogans/images used in Nazi propaganda?
->'One People, One Reich, One Fuhrer'
->image of a Jewish person being an 'ugly dark man with a hooked nose' (Hitler had previously emphasised people could be won over by a simple idea, with a single slogan, where an image was repeated over and over again)
112
What are some examples of the Nazi manipulation of radio?
->Nazi report on the election of Hitler as Chancellor, reported huge torch light processions where people were chanting 'Sieg Heil', 'Hail victory'
->Nazis made radios cheap and easily accessible, made the 'People's receiver'
113
In 1939 how many people had a radio?
1939 -> +70%
114
In 1943 how many people had a People's Receiver and what was this?
1943 -> 1/3 of all radios PR
-> People's receiver = limited range and couldn't pick up foreign radio stations
115
How did the Nazis manipulate the news, especially regarding the Jews?
->Nazi propaganda machine in charge of news, made it seem as if Nazi policies were working or that Nazi prejudices were right
->Nazi propaganda said that Jewish people were greedy, dirty, subhumans and crowded all jewish people into ghettos in 1939 (Selected images of conditions reinforced anti-Semitic propaganda)
116
How did the Nazis reward women/mothers?
->Mothers were rewarded with medals for having babies
->Loans for young married couples of 1,000 marks, reduced by 250 marks for each child, regular check ups and vitamins given to women
->Medals of honour for having 4+ children awarded from 1939 ->Workers rewarded with free trips with KDF, Strength Through Joy programme
117
What prejudices made the Nazis popular?
People who hated Jews, gays, Gypsies, communists and other groups perceived to be 'undesirable'
118
Who were the groups benefited by Nazi rule, leading to them pledging their support?
->Wealthy industrialists (benefited from banning of KPD)
->middle classes (found their savings had value again)
->those who wanted to 'germanise' an area (those accepted were given homes and farmland)
119
The reversal of which treaty saw the Nazis gain support?
Nazis seen to be reversing the TOV -> asserting the power of Germany across Europe (failed to recognise Stresemann's success in doing this)
120
What was support for the Nazis like during the war?
-Germans initially lukewarm about war, changed minds when German army swept across the East of Europe, 'Fuhrer myth' kept support alive even when Hitler invaded USSR
121
Examples of support from the German people for ww2?
-collecting for Nazi charities
-joining special murder squads that took part in the mass murder of Jews, Poles and Slavs
122
Why was it difficult to maintain support during the war?
-Living conditions so poor
-Allied bombing devastated cities
123
What was essential, at the end of the war, for German society to embark upon?
De-nazification -> finding Nazis especially those who had participated in the Holocaust
-> the Allies wanted to create a changed culture in Germany, where political outlook was altered
124
What is an example of denazification?
German people marched past the bodies of those in concentration camps
125
What were the Nuremberg Trials and when did they take place?
War crime trials -> began 18 October 1945
126
What was the verdict of the Nuremberg trials?
22 defendants, 12 were sentenced to death, three to life imprisonment and 3 acquitted, remaining defendants sent to prison.
127
Response to Nuremberg Trials from Nazi people?
seen as positive by the German people, however after a while some felt the nazi hunting had to end at some point
128
Why was it difficult to prosecute many ex-Nazis?
-> many had just joined the party to keep job, didn't actually align with them
->senior nazis able to remove themselves from the record
->sheer size of process, injustices at all levels, process came to look corrupt, didn't encourage democratic practises
129
How many ex-Nazis were arrested by the end of 1946?
250,000
130
How did the Allies try and target the youth post-WW2?
->effect of Hitler Youth and Nazi propagandist education = re-education of the young -> Up-hill battle due to sheer extent of indoctrination
->Teachers vetted and librarians, meant there was a shortage of key workers, who were not Nazis.
131
When did the Allies ban Nazi schoolbooks?
May 1946, Allies banned Nazi schoolbooks, films and slides that taught Nazi racial theory, also banned books that propagated such theories
132
Who were least/most accepting of ex-nazis?
Least = USSR
Most = Britain
133
What were the reactions of the German people to de-Nazification?
-Resigned acceptance
-Indignation, Americans dropped atomic bombs, also war crimes, why should just the Germans be punished
-Avoidance, wanted too avoid too close examination
-Cynicism, prosecution of ex-Nazis was patchy
-Desire to move on, these were the people who believed in the 'year zero' theory
134
Number of people that thought de-nazification was necessary?
2/3 thought de-nazification was necessary, after 1949, the number of people saying this fell to 1/4
135
How many ex-nazi scientists avoided arrest?
1,600 ex-nazi scientists and doctors avoided prosecution by agreeing to work for the US
136
How many school teachers returned to their jobs after de-nazification?
1947 -> more than 85% of school teachers in Bavaria who had lost their jobs to de-Nazification were back at work
137
How many students a the University of Frankfurt thought there was a future for democracy?
1961, 1/3 of students at Frankfurt University believed in the future of democracy
138
How did the attitudes of the youth change towards de-Nazification in the 1960s?
->youth impatient with 'year zero' policy, wanted to know the truth and were angry at the incomplete job of de-Nazification. ->Anger at the number of ex-Nazis within institutions
139
What were the voting statistics that demonstrate that there was popular support for the FRG and democracy?
1949-78.5%
1953-85.5%
1957-87.8%
1961-87.7%
1965-86.8%
1969-86.7%
1972-91.1%
1976-90.7%
1980-88.6%
1983-89.1%
1987-84.3%
In Britain in the same period, voter turnout was always lower, only going above 79% twice
140
How did people feel about Bundestag representation in the FRG?
Number of people that felt the Bundestag represented the public interest doubled between 1951 and 1964
141
What are some other examples of support for democracy in the FRG period?
-People demonstrated against changes that gov wanted to make, demonstrations against the Emergency Law, demanding gov to live up to the ideals of democracy promised
-Marched in support of democracy and against repressive regimes in other countries (military junta in Greece and South African apartheid)
-Protested against the shift to Ostpolitik, due to oppressive USSR regime, wanted to be reunited with GDR but didn't condone actions of the USSR
